GASES

GASES
KARL OLIVERL C. RICARDO, RChT

The Kinetic Theory of Matter
- helps us to explain why matter exists in different
phases(i.e. solid, liquid and gas), and how matter can
change from one phase to the next
- also helps us to understand other properties of matter.
- Broadly, the kinetic theory of matter says that all
matter is composed of particles which have a certain
amount of energy which allows them to move at
different speeds depending on the temperature (energy).
- There are spaces between the particles and also
attractive forces between particles when they come
close together.
Summary on the characteristics
of particles on matter
Kinetic Theory of Gases
◦A gas consists of small particles that
◦move rapidly in straight lines.
◦have essentially no attractive (or
repulsive) forces.
◦are very far apart.
◦have very small volumes compared to
the volume of the container they
occupy.
◦have kinetic energies that increase
with an increase in temperature.
Properties that Describe a Gas
Gases are described in terms of four properties: pressure (P),
volume(V), temperature(T), and amount(n).
Standard Temperature and Pressure
(STP)
STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
1 atm 101.325 kPa
The Gas Laws
1.Boyle’s Law
2.Charles’ Law
3.Gay-Lussac’s Law
4.Avogadro’s Law
Boyle’s Law
◦Boyle’s Law – at constant temperature, the volume of
the gas increases as the pressure decreases. The volume
of the gas decreases and the pressure increases. The
pressure and volume of a gas are inversely realated.
V
O
L
U V↑ P↓ If you squeeze a
M gas sample, you
E make its volume
smaller.
(L
)
Pressure (atm)
Now . . . a
container where
the volume can
Moveabl change
e piston (syringe)
↕
Same
temperatur
e
Volume is 100 mL Volume is 50 mL
at 25°C at 25°C
In which system is the pressure higher? (Which has the

greater number of collisions with the walls and each other?)
EXAMPLES:
◦1) If I have 5.6 liters of gas in a piston at a
pressure of 1.5 atm and compress the gas until its
volume is 4.8 L, what will the new pressure inside
the piston be?
◦Given: P =1.5 atm
1 P=? 2
V = 5.6L
1 V =4.8L 2
Solution: P V = P V
1 1 1 2
(1.5 atm)(5.6 L) = (x)(4.8 L)

x = 1.8 atm
2) I have added 15 L of air to a balloon at sea level
(1.0 atm). If I take the balloon with me to Denver,
where the air pressure is 0.85 atm, what will the
new volume of the balloon be?
◦Given: P = 1.0atm
1 P =0.85atm
2
V =15L
1 V=? 2
Solution: P V = P V
1 1 2 2
(1.0 atm)(15 L) = (0.85 atm)(x)

x = 18 L
2)Fluorine gas exerts a pressure of 1.18atam.
When the pressure is change to 1.5atm, its
volume is 0.25L. What was the initial volume?
Given: P1= 1.18atm P2=1.5atm
V1=? V2= 0.25L
Solution: P1V1 = P2V2
(1.18atm)(x)=(1.5atm)(0.25L)
X=0.32
Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law – at a constant pressure, the volume of
a gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases
and the volume decreases when the temperature
decreases. The volume and temperature of gas are
directly related.
V
O
L V1 = V2
U
M T1 T2
E
(L
)
Temperature (K)
A B
Steel cylinder (2L) Steel cylinder (2L)
contains 500 contains 500
molecules of O2 at molecules of O2 at
400 K 800 K
1. In which system do the O2 molecules have the highest average kinetic energy?
B
2. In which system will the particles collide with the container walls with the
greatest force? B
3. In which system is the pressure higher?
B
EXAMPLE:
1) A container holds 50.0 mL of nitrogen at 25° C and a
pressure of 736 mm Hg. What will be its volume if the
temperature increases by 35° C?
Given:
V1 = 50.0 mL V2 = ?
T1 = 25° C + 273 = 298 K T2 = 25° C + 35° C + 273 = 333
K
Solution: V1/ T1 = V2/T2
V2 = V1 x T2/T1
V2 = 50.0 mL x 333 K/298 K = 55.9mL or 0.0559L
2) Oxygen gas is at temperature of 40° C when it
occupies a volume of 2.30 liters. To what temperature
should it be raised to occupy a volume of 6.50 liters?
Given:
V1 = 2.30L V2 = 6.50L
T1 = 40° C + 273 = 313 K T2 = ?
Solution: V1/ T1 = V2/T2
T2=(V2)(T1)/(V1)
T2=(6.5L)(313K)/(2.30L)= 884.57K
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law – the pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature at a constant
volume. The pressure and absolute temperature (K) of a
gas are directly related
Pressur
e
(atm) P 1 P2
=
T 1 T 2
Temperature
EXAMPLE:
1) Hydrogen gas was cooled from 150 ° C to 50 ° C . Its new
pressure is 75.0 torr. What was its original pressure?
Given:
P1 = ? P2 = 75torr= 75torr/760torr=0.0987atm
T1 = 150° C + 273 = 423 K T2 = 50° C + 273 = 323 K
Solution: P1/ T1 = P2/T2
P1=(P2)(T1)/(T2)
P1=(0.0987atm)(423k)/(323K)= 0.129atm
2) A sample of argon gas is cooled and its pressure
went from 380atm to 250atm. If its final temperature
was -55 ° C , what was its original temperature?
P1 = 380 atm P2 = 250atm
T1 = ? T2 = -55° C + 273 = 218 K
Solution: P1/ T1 = P2/T2
T1=(T2)(P1)/(P2)
T1=(380atm)(218K)/(250atm)= 331.36K
Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law makes use of the

relationships shared by pressure, volume, and
temperature: the variables found in other gas laws,
such as Boyle's law, Charles' law and Gay-Lussac's
law.
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
EXAMPLE:
1) 2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25.0 °C and 745.0
mmHg. What is the volume at STP?
Given: P1 = 745.0 P2 = 1 atm
mmHg/760mmHg=0.98atm
V1 = 2.00 L V2 = x
T = 298 K T2 = 273 K
Solution:1 P1V1
= V2 = (P1V1T2) / (P2T1)
P2V2
T1 mmHg)
V2 = [(745.0 T2(2.00 L) (273 K)] / [(760.0 mmHg)
(298 K)]
V2 = 1.796 L
2) A sample of gas at an initial volume of 8.33 L, an initial
pressure of 1.82 atm, and an initial temperature of 286 K
simultaneously changes its temperature to 355 K and its
volume to 5.72 L. What is the final pressure of the gas?
Given: P = 1.82atm P2 = ?
1
V1 = 8.33 L V2 = 5.72L

T1 = 286 K T2 = 355 K
Solution: P1V1
= P2=P1V1T2 / T1V2
P2V2
T1 T2
P2= (1.82atm)(8.33L)(355K)/(286K)(5.72L)= 3.22atm
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law – states that the volume of a
gas is directly proportional to the number of moles
of gas.
H2 O2 CO2
1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of 22.4 L at

STP.
EXAMPLE:
1) 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the
amount of gas is increased to 1.80 mol, what new
volume will result (at an unchanged temperature
and pressure)?
Given: V1= 5.0L n1= 0.965mol
V2=? n2=1.8omol
Solution: V1/n1 = V2 /n2
V2 = V1n2/n1
V2= (5.0L)(1.80mol)/(0.965mol)= 9.326 L
2) A 4.8L sample of helium gas contains 0.22mol of
helium. How many additional moles of helium gas
must be added to the sample to obtain a volume of
6.4L?
Given: V1= 4.8L n1= 0.22mol
V2=6.4L n2=?
Solution: V1/n1 = V2 /n2
n2 = n1V2/V1
n2= (0.22mol)(6.4L)/(4.8L) = 0.293mol
Ideal Gases
• Gases whose behavior can be predicted by the
kinetic molecular theory are called ideal, or
perfect, gases. No gases are truly ideal because
no gas totally obeys all of the gas laws.
• An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that is perfect

and does follow everything perfectly.
IDEAL GAS LAW
- Is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It
is a good approximation of the behavior of
many gases under many conditions.
◦The P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume

taken up by the gas, T is the temperature of the
gas, R is the gas constant, and n is the number of
moles of the gas and are related by a simple formula
called the ideal gas law.
◦PV=nRT
EXAMPLE:
1)5.0 g of neon is at 256 mm Hg and at a temperature of
35º C. What is the volume?
Given: P = 256 mmHgx (1atm/760mmHg)= 0.3368atm
V=?
m = 5.0 g x(1mol/20.1797)= 0.25mol Ne
R = 0.0821 Latm/molK
T = 35º C+ 273K= 308 K
Solution: PV=nRT
2) What is a gas’s temperature in Celsius when it has a
volume of 25 L, 203 mol, 143.5 atm?
Given: P = 143.5 atm V= 25 L
n = 203 mol R = 0.082 Latm/molK
T=?
Solution: PV= nRT
T= 215.4K- 273= -57.4

ºC
3) What is the density of nitrogen gas (N2) at 248.0
Torr and 18º C?
Given: P = 248.0 Torr x(1atm)/760torr= 0.3263
V=? n = 2 mole
r = 0.0821Latm/molK T = 18º C+273K= 291K
mass(m)= 14g/mol N
Solution: ρ= PM/RT
Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure -
In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a certain
pressure as if it were alone. The pressure of each one
of these gases is called the partial pressure. The total
pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of all of the
partial pressures.
Ptotal = PA + PB +
PC+….
Example:
◦Hydrogen gas is collected over water at 22.5°C.
Find the pressure of the dry gas if the atmospheric
pressure is 94.4 kPa.
GIVEN: WORK:
PH2 = ? Ptotal = PH2 + PH2O
Ptotal = 94.4 kPa 94.4 kPa = PH2 + 2.72 kPa
PH2O = 2.72 kPa PH2 = 91.7 kPa
Look up water-vapor pressure

on p.899 for 22.5°C.
Graham’s Law – Particles of low molar mass travel
faster than heavier particles.
Example: Hydrogen effuses 4 times faster than
oxygen.
Diffusion
◦ Spreading of gas molecules throughout a
container until evenly distributed.
Effusion
◦ Passing of gas molecules through a tiny opening in

a container
Graham’s Law
◦Speed of diffusion/effusion
◦Kinetic energy is determined by the temperature of
the gas.
◦At the same temp & KE, heavier molecules move
more slowly.
◦Larger m  smaller v because
KE = ½mv 2
B. Graham’s Law
◦Graham’s Law
◦Rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely
related to the square root of its molar
mass.
Ratio of gas vA mB
A’s speed to 
gas B’s speed vB mA
REAL GASES
Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other
Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
• in nonpolar atoms/molecules
REAL GAS LAW or VANDER
WAAL’S EQUATION
•P is the Pressure in atmospheres (atm)

•V is the Volume in Liters (L)
•n is the Number of moles (mol)
•R is the gas Constant and
is 0.0821Latm/molK
•T is the absolute Temperature in Kelvin
(K)
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESS!
-KARL OLIVER C. RICARDO

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GASES

KARL OLIVERL C. RICARDO, RChT

In which system is the pressure higher? (Which has the

(1.5 atm)(5.6 L) = (x)(4.8 L)

(1.0 atm)(15 L) = (0.85 atm)(x)

The combined gas law makes use of the

V1 = 8.33 L V2 = 5.72L

1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of 22.4 L at

• An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that is perfect

◦The P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume

T= 215.4K- 273= -57.4

Look up water-vapor pressure

◦ Passing of gas molecules through a tiny opening in

Gas behavior is most ideal…

•P is the Pressure in atmospheres (atm)

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