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    Methanotroph Metilotroph

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    Edi R
    Methanotrophs and methylotrophs are bacteria that can use methane (CH4) and other single-carbon compounds as their sole sources of carbon and energy. Methanotrophs are a type of methylotroph that specifically uses methane. They are widespread in the environment and play an important role in the carbon cycle by oxidizing methane from anaerobic environments back to carbon dioxide before it is released into the atmosphere. The key steps in methane oxidation by methanotrophs involve the methane monooxygenase enzyme incorporating an oxygen atom from O2 into methane to form methanol, and subsequent oxidation reactions to formaldehyde and then carbon dioxide or assimilation into cell material.

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    Methanotroph Metilotroph

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    Edi R
    42 views20 pages
    Methanotrophs and methylotrophs are bacteria that can use methane (CH4) and other single-carbon compounds as their sole sources of carbon and energy. Methanotrophs are a type of methylotroph that specifically uses methane. They are widespread in the environment and play an important role in the carbon cycle by oxidizing methane from anaerobic environments back to carbon dioxide before it is released into the atmosphere. The key steps in methane oxidation by methanotrophs involve the methane monooxygenase enzyme incorporating an oxygen atom from O2 into methane to form methanol, and subsequent oxidation reactions to formaldehyde and then carbon dioxide or assimilation into cell material.

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    11. METHANOTROPH METILOTROPH

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    Methanotrophs and methylotrophs are bacteria that can use methane (CH4) and other single-carbon compounds as their sole sources of carbon and energy. Methanotrophs are a type of methylotroph that specifically uses methane. They are widespread in the environment and play an important role in the carbon cycle by oxidizing methane from anaerobic environments back to carbon dioxide before it is released into the atmosphere. The key steps in methane oxidation by methanotrophs involve the methane monooxygenase enzyme incorporating an oxygen atom from O2 into methane to form methanol, and subsequent oxidation reactions to formaldehyde and then carbon dioxide or assimilation into cell material.

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    42 views20 pages

    Methanotroph Metilotroph

    Uploaded by

    Edi R
    Methanotrophs and methylotrophs are bacteria that can use methane (CH4) and other single-carbon compounds as their sole sources of carbon and energy. Methanotrophs are a type of methylotroph that specifically uses methane. They are widespread in the environment and play an important role in the carbon cycle by oxidizing methane from anaerobic environments back to carbon dioxide before it is released into the atmosphere. The key steps in methane oxidation by methanotrophs involve the methane monooxygenase enzyme incorporating an oxygen atom from O2 into methane to form methanol, and subsequent oxidation reactions to formaldehyde and then carbon dioxide or assimilation into cell material.

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    METHANOTROPH AND

    METHYLOTROPH
    Methane (CH4) :

     Is found extensively in nature


     is produced in anoxic environments by methanogenic Archaea
    and is a major gas of anoxic muds, marshes, anoxic zones of
    lakes, the rumen, and the mammalian intestinal tract.
     is the major constituent of “natural gas” widely used as a
    heating and industrial fuel, and is also present in many coal
    formations.
    Methylotrophs - Methanotrophs
     Methylotrophs :
     organisms that use organic compounds that lack C—C bonds as electron
    donors and carbon sources.
     The best studied : the catabolism of compounds containing only a single
    carbon atom, such as methane (CH4 ) and methanol (CH3OH)
     Methanotrophs :
     those methylotrophs that can use CH4
     assimilate either all or one-half of their carbon (depending on the
    pathway used) at the oxidation state of formaldehyde (CH2O).
     oxidize methane and a few other one-carbon compounds as electron
    donors in energy metabolism and as carbon sources
    Methanotrophs :
     grow aerobically
     widespread in soils and waters
     exhibit diverse morphologies but are related in terms of their phylogeny and
    ecology.
     possess a key enzyme, methane monooxygenase (MMO), which catalyzes the
    incorporation of an atom of oxygen from O2 into CH4, forming methanol
    (CH3OH).
     The requirement for O2 as a reactant in the initial oxygenation of CH4 thus
    explains why these methanotrophs are obligate aerobes.
     Most methanotrophs are obligate C1utilizers, unable to use compounds containing
    carbon–carbon bonds. By contrast, most non methanotrophic methylotrophs can
    use organic acids, ethanol, and sugars.
     Methane-oxidizing bacteria are virtually unique among bacteria in possessing
    relatively large amounts of sterols, found in the cytoplasmic membranes that are
    absent from most bacteria
    Reactions and Bioenergetics of Aerobic
    Methanotrophy

     The initial step in the aerobic oxidation of CH4 is carried out by the
    enzyme methane monooxygenase(MMO).
     Methanotrophy has been especially well studied in the bacterium
    Methylococcus capsulatus.
     contains two MMOs, one cytoplasmic and the other membrane
    integrated.
     The electron donor for the cytoplasmic MMO is NADH, and
    NADH is probably the electron donor for the membrane-
    integrated MMO as well.
     In the MMO reaction :
     an atom of oxygen is introduced into CH4, produce CH3OH and H2O
     CH3OH is oxidized by a periplasmic dehydrogenase, yielding formaldehyde and NADH.
     Once CH2O is formed, it is oxidized to CO2 by either of two different pathways.
     One pathway uses enzymes that contain the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate, a coenzyme
    widely involved in C1transformations.
     The second and totally independent pathway employs the coenzyme methanopterin.
    Methanotrophs use a methanopterin-containing reaction to drive the oxidation of
    CH2O to formate plus NADH; formate is then oxidized to CO2 by the enzyme
    formate dehydrogenase.
     However, regardless of the CH2O oxidation pathway employed, electrons from the
    oxidation of CH2O enter the electron transport chain, generating a proton motive force
    from which ATP is synthesized.
    C1Assimilation into Cell Material

     Methanotrophs → two distinct pathways for C1 incorporation into


    cell material exist :
     The serine pathway, utilized by type II methanotrophs, is outlined
    in Figure 14.32.
     The ribulose monophosphate pathway, used by type I
    methanotrophs, is outlined in Figure 14.33.
    C1Assimilation into Cell Material
    by type II Methanotrophs

     The Serine pathway :


     one molecule of CH2O (produced from the oxidation of
    CH3OH, Figure 14.31) and one molecule of CO2 → a two-
    carbon unit, acetyl-CoA
     Sources of reducing power and energy : NADH and ATP
     Key enzymes in the serine pathway enzymes of the citric acid
    cycle and one enzyme, serine transhydroxymethylase
    C1Assimilation into Cell Material
    by type I Methanotrophs:
     The ribulose monophosphate pathway
     This pathway is more efficient than the serine pathway because :
     all of the carbon for cell material is derived from CH2O.
     CH2O is at the same oxidation level as cell material, no reducing power is
    needed.
     The ribulose monophosphate pathway requires one molecule of ATP for each
    molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G-3-P) synthesized (Figure 14.33). Two
    G-3-Ps can be converted into glucose by the glycolytic pathway.
     Key enzymes :
     hexulosephosphate synthase, which condenses one molecule of formaldehyde
    with one molecule of ribulose 5-phosphate
     hexulose 6-P isomerase
    Methanotrophs

     Aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) have the


    unique ability to grow on methane as their sole source of carbon
    and energy
     They are ubiquitous in the environment and play a major role in
    removal from the biosphere of the greenhouse gas methane before it
    is released into the atmosphere.
     The steps in CH4 oxidation to CO2 can be summarized as :
     CH4 → CH3OH → CH2O → HCOO- → CO2
    Pathway for the oxidation of methane and
    assimilation of formaldehyde
    Ecology

     Methanotrophs are widespread in aquatic and terrestrial environments,


    being found wherever stable sources of CH4 are present.
     Methane produced in the anoxic regions of lakes rises through the water
    column, and methanotrophs are often concentrated in a narrow band at
    the zone where CH4 and O2 meet.
     Methane-oxidizing bacteria therefore play an important role in the
    carbon cycle, converting CH4 derived from anoxic decomposition back
    into cell material and CO2.
    Isolation
     Isolation : mineral salts medium containing a headspace about 50%
    each of CH4 and air…….. incubated in a CH4–air mixture.
     Colonies appearing on the plates are typically of two types:
     Non methanotrophic chemoorganotrophs → growing on traces of
    organic matter in the medium, which appear in 1–2 days,
     Methanotrophs → appear after about a week, the colonies of some
    methanotrophs are pink from the presence of various carotenoid
    pigments and high levels of cytochromes in their membranes, and
    this feature can assist in identifying these organisms on plates.
    Type I Methanotroph Bacteria

    Methylobacter Methylococcus
     Round-rod cell, 0.8-1.5 x 1.2-3.0 μm,  Cell is coccus or bacillococoid.
    single cell or in chain arrangement.  Varies in motility
     Do not fix nitrogen.  Capable in N fixation
     No growth at 45°C.  Grow at 45°C
     Has a brown or yellow cell pigmentation.  Has a brown or yellow cell pigmentation.
     Motile in young culture, non-motile in old
    culture.
     Obligate methanotroph, use methane and
    methanol as carbon and energy sources.
    Some use methylamine
     Species methylotrophs :

     Methylocystis parvus
     obligate methylotroph, use methanol as sole carbon
    source
     Grow at pH 7-9, 30-37°C
     The main component of polysaccharide are D-
    glucose (82%) dan L-rhamnose (14%).
    Methylococcus capsulatus
     Methylococcus capsulatus
     Coccus
     Thermophilic bacteria, optimum growth at 45°C.

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