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Neuro Technolog Y: Sidra Naz Nawair Ishfaq Soban Saqib

This document summarizes neurotechnology and discusses current and future projects. It describes how neurotechnology uses brain imaging to detect patterns of brain activity in real time, unlike neuroscience which scientifically studies the nervous system. The document outlines the history of neurotechnology from the 1970s and discusses mechanisms of the brain including neurons and glia cells. It provides examples of major advances like MRI, electrodes to cure paralysis, implants to restore senses, and sensors to read the mind. Finally, it discusses Elon Musk's Neuralink company and its goals to develop brain-machine interfaces to allow paralyzed people to control devices with their minds.

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Nawair Ishfaq
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158 views14 pages

Neuro Technolog Y: Sidra Naz Nawair Ishfaq Soban Saqib

This document summarizes neurotechnology and discusses current and future projects. It describes how neurotechnology uses brain imaging to detect patterns of brain activity in real time, unlike neuroscience which scientifically studies the nervous system. The document outlines the history of neurotechnology from the 1970s and discusses mechanisms of the brain including neurons and glia cells. It provides examples of major advances like MRI, electrodes to cure paralysis, implants to restore senses, and sensors to read the mind. Finally, it discusses Elon Musk's Neuralink company and its goals to develop brain-machine interfaces to allow paralyzed people to control devices with their minds.

Uploaded by

Nawair Ishfaq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NEURO

TECHNOLOG
Y
Sidra Naz
Nawair Ishfaq
Soban Saqib
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 INTRODUCTION

NEURO

02 TECHNOLOGY

MECHANISM OF

03 BRAIN

Current & Future

04 Projects
NeuroScience vs Neuro Technology

Neuroscience Neuro Technology

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the Neurotechnology is any technology that


nervous system. It is a multidisciplinary has a fundamental influence on how
branch of biology that combines people understand the brain and various
physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, aspects of consciousness, thought, and
developmental biology, cytology, higher order activities in the brain. It also
mathematical modeling, and psychology includes technologies that are designed to
to understand the fundamental and improve and repair brain function[1] and
emergent properties of neurons and neural allow researchers and clinicians to
circuits. visualize the brain
INTRODUCTION
● In the 1970s, research on neuro technology started at the University of
California, which led to the emergence of the expression brain–computer
interface.
● The mid-1990s marked the appearance of the first neuro prosthetic devices
for humans.
● Neuro technology does not read the mind accurately, but detects the smallest
of changes in the energy radiated by the brain when you think in a certain
way.
● Based on brain imaging technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging and
electroencephalography, neuro technology looks for patterns of activity in
the brain in real time.
Mechanism of
brain
The brain is made up of two types of cells: Nerve
cells (neurons) and Glia cells.
Nerve Cells

There are many sizes and shapes of neurons, but all consist of a cell body,
dendrites and an axon. The neuron conveys information through electrical and
chemical signals. Try to picture electrical wiring in your home. An electrical
circuit is made up of numerous wires connected in such a way that when a light
switch is turned on, a light bulb will beam. A neuron that is excited will transmit
its energy to neurons within its vicinity.

Neurons transmit their energy, or “talk”, to each other across a tiny gap called a
synapse (Fig. 12). A neuron has many arms called dendrites, which act like
antennae picking up messages from other nerve cells. These messages are passed
to the cell body, which determines if the message should be passed along.
Important messages are passed to the end of the axon where sacs containing
neurotransmitters open into the synapse. The neurotransmitter molecules cross
the synapse and fit into special receptors on the receiving nerve cell, which
stimulates that cell to pass on the message.
Glia Cells

Glia (Greek word meaning glue) are the cells of the brain that provide neurons with
nourishment, protection, and structural support. There are about 10 to 50 times
more glia than nerve cells and are the most common type of cells involved in brain
tumors.
Four Great Landmarks in History of Neuro Technology

MRI Electrodes to cure paralysis

Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the most In 2018 for the first time, people who had become
important neuroimaging techniques in medicine. it paraplegic through accidents recovered movement and
suitable to monitor infectious and vascular diseases of partial control of their legs. In this case, electrodes are
the brain, as well as degenerative illnesses like dementia implanted in the spine, where they can send targeted
and Alzheimer’s disease. pulses to the limbs’ nerves.

Implants to restore senses Sensors to read the mind

The cochlear implant exists since the Beyond its medical applications, neurotechnology offers the
late 20th century: thanks to this device, possibility of expanding the nervous system’s abilities.
hundreds of deaf people can hear.
Greg Gage is a neuroscientist, engineer and the CEO of Backyard Brains. Greg
develops tools, curriculum and experiments that allow the general public participate, hands-on,
in neural discovery. He is senior fellow at TED and has given many TED talks (9 online),
received the director's innovation award as an investigator at the National Institute of Health
(NIH), and was recognized in a White House ceremony for being Obama’s Champion of Change
for his commitment to citizen science.
Elon Musk’s Neuralink, the secretive company
developing brain-machine interfaces, showed off some
of the technology it has been developing to the public
for the first time. The goal is to eventually begin
implanting devices in paralyzed humans, allowing
them to control phones or computers.

The proposed future technology Neuralink intends


to make, a module that sits outside the head and
wirelessly receives information from threads
embedded in the brain.
How It Works:

Flexible “threads,” which are less likely to damage the brain than the materials
currently used in brain-machine interfaces.

These threads also create the possibility of transferring a higher volume of data,
according to a white paper credited to “Elon Musk & Neuralink.” The abstract notes
that the system could include “as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across
96 threads.”

The threads are 4 to 6 μm in width, which makes them considerably thinner than a
human hair. In addition to developing the threads, Neuralink’s other big advance is a
machine that automatically embeds them

In the future, scientists from Neuralink hope to use a laser beam to get through the
skull, rather than drilling holes

wireless goal will be embodied in a product that Neuralink calls the “N1 sensor,”
designed to be embedded inside a human body and transmit its data wirelessly.
practical

● A monkey has been able to control a computer with its brain.


● The first person with spinal cord paralysis to receive a brain implant that allowed him to control a
computer cursor was Matthew Nagle.
● In 2006, Nagle played Pong using only his mind; the basic movement required took him only four days to
master
DO YOU HAVE
QUESTIONS?

THANKS
CREDITS: This presentation template was
created by Slidesgo, including icons by
Flaticon, and infographics & images by
Freepik.

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