HOUSING

ASSIGNMENT - 1

USE OF PREFABRICATION,
MODULAR CORDINATION,
PRESTRESSING COMPONENTS IN HOUSING,
ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOUSING.

VAMSHI KRISHNA.A
BA15ARC059
USE OF PREFABRICATION COMPONENTS HOUSING
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other
manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction
site where the structure is to be located.
In prefabricated construction, only the foundations are constructed in this way, while
sections of walls, floors and roof are prefabricated (assembled) in a factory (possibly with
window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted
together.

IN KERALA
• History :- Prefabrication has been used since ancient times.In 19th century Australia a
large number of prefabricated houses were imported from the United Kingdom.The
method was widely used in the construction of prefabricated housing in the 20th century,
such as in the United Kingdom as temporary housing for thousands of urban families
"bombed out" during World War II.
• Prefabrication techniques are used in the construction of apartment blocks, and housing
developments with repeated housing units. The quality of prefabricated housing units had
increased to the point that they may not be distinguishable from traditionally built units to
those that live in them. The technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and
factory buildings. Prefabricated steel and glass sections are widely used for the exterior of
large buildings.
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION :
• Moving partial assemblies from a factory often costs less than moving pre-production resources to
each site.
• It is lightweight and easy to transport.
• Easy to installing and maintaining: i.e. rust, fire, and pest retardant and insulated.
• It saves money and labour. Enables money and standardization.
• It is re-locatable and eco-friendly. More chances to use and invent new technologies.
• Enhances aesthetic appeal.
• Overall efficiency is greatly increased.
• Independence of climatic conditions.
DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION :
• Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for their constituent
materials, which can often be packed more densely.
• Large prefabricated sections may require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and
handling to place in position.
• If they need to factor that into the price they will need to make varying changes to prices due to
level and position of the block where the prefabricated home will be built.
MATERIALS TO BE USED IN PREFABRICATION SYSTEMS
• Concrete
• Steel
• Treated wood
• Aluminum
• Cellular concrete
• Light weight concrete elements
• Ceramicproducts etc...
COMPONENTS OF PREFAB CONSTRUCTION
• Flooring and Roofing scheme
• Beams
• Columns
• Walls
• Staircase
• Lintels
• Sunshade/Chajja projections
Materials used in making low cost prefabricated house -
• Because of some economic reasons, lost cost house is gaining more and more popularity in some
areas. Prefabricated house is a good choice for this requirement.
• For making low cost houses, some materials like straw bale, Ferro cement, Calcium silicate
products, composites and other cheap wood based materials are currently being used.
• Calcium silicate bricks are strong and durable.
• Ferro cement consists of a cement matrix reinforced with a mesh of closely-spaced iron rods or
wires.
• In this type of construction, the techniques used are simple and quick.
PREFABRICATED HOUSES CONSTRUCTION
 USE OF MODULAR COORDINATION IN
HOUSING
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space in which buildings and
components are dimensioned and positioned in terms of basic unit or module.
The basic module is known as 1M which is equivalent to 100mm. It is internationally accepted by
the International Standard Organisation and many other countries.
Modular coordination was first studied in the early seventies. The housing and development board
implemented the concept in 1973 in the new generation flats.
WHY MODULAR COORDINATION USED IN CONSTRUCTION
• One of the major reason to adopt modular coordination in construction is that not only can one save up
to 35% on the initial construction costs like labor and materials, but there are other benefits as well.
• Another major reason is about the quality as one can attain a suitable quality in the elements of any
structures that are to be pre-fabricated or pre-cast in the construction factory.
• Modular construction takes most of the construction phase away from the building site. Quicker and
efficient factory processes are replacing the slow, less productive site activities.
• Sustainablilty in construction can be achieved through the factory production of the modular
units.
• For a modular construction project to complete with a good result, proper planning, coordination and
communication must exist between various relevant parties involved from the early stage of the project.
The Attributes of Modular construction that are compatible with its Objectives
• Reduced construction costs especially when combined with economy of scale production (10%+)
• Much reduced construction time on site (50 to 60%)
• Increased profitability of the industry due to economy of manufacturing scale
• Increased site productivity (upto 50%)
• Greater certainity of completion on time and to budget
• Much reduced wastage in manufacture and onsite
• Greater reliability and quality
Modular building
AIMS OF MODULAR COORDINATION
• To facilitate cooperation between building designer distributor and contractor.
• The use of standard size of building blocks in the the design of the building.
• To simplify the building design and preparation of building drawings.
• To determine the the sizeand position of each component in relation to each component and the
building as a whole.
• To optimise the standard sizes of building components.
This process can contribute to to increase design freedom and improved balance between 9:30 and costing
manufacture and construction.
ADOPTION AND USAGE
Modular building processes are now not new, from about 5 years the usage of modularization in
construction is raised to 63%. It is expected that about 85% of the industry players today are using these
processes on some projects- including 90% of Engineers, 84% of contractors and 76% of architects as
shown in figure.
PRINCIPLES OF MODULAR COORDINATION
Basic Module
• Modular Dimensionand
• Planning module
• Placing of components
• Modular Grid
1. Basic Modular Grid
2. Square Grid
3. Rectangular Grid
4. Multi-modular planning Grid
• Preferred Dimensions
• Tolerance
Multi-module: multi modules are selected in multiples off the basic module . Different multimodules will
suit particular application. Using multimodules, it is possible to achieve a substantial reduction in the
memory of coordinating sizes.
Tolerance:
In traditional building, the craftsman takes care of dimensions in the ordinary course of his work.
The modular dimensions provide convenient means of describing components in a catalogus and for
allocating the spaces for them on design drawings.
Three types of tolerance are generally considering in modular coordination in building.
1. Manufacturing tolerance, which limits the the dimensional deviation in the the manufacture of
components.
2. Positional tolerances, which limit the the deviation of position for, erected components from there
designated position.
3. Joint tolerances are gaps, which limit the variations of joint thickness.
the three tolerances are are interrelated and therefore must be determined accordingly
 USE OF PRE-STRESSED COMPONENTS IN
HOUSING
Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in
in members counteract the stresses that occur when they subject to loading. It combines the high strength compressive
properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of Steel.
In ordinary reinforced concrete, stresses are carried by the Steel reinforcement, where as prestressed concrete
supports the load by induced stresses throughout the entire structural element. This makes it more more resistant to
shock and vibration then ordinary concrete and able to to form long,thin structures with much smaller sectional areas
to support equivalent loads.
It is now commonly used for floor beams piles and Railways slippers as well as structures such as bridges water
tanks roofs and runways. Generally prestressed concrete is is not necessary for columns and walls however it can be
used economically for all columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses.
STEEL :
Steel used for prestressing maybe in the form of wire or tendons that can be grouped to form cables. Solid bars may
also be used.
Wire is made by cold drawing a high carbon steel rod through a series of reducing dies. The wire diameter typically
ranges from 3 to 7 mm and maybe round, crimped Or indented to give it better bond strength.
Another form of tendon is strand which consists of a straight core wire around which is wound in
helixes around further wire to give formats such as 7 wire (6 over 1) and 19 wire (9 over 9 over 1)
similar to wire tendons, strand can be used individually to form cables.
METHOD
1)Pre-tensioning
2)Post-tensioning
Pre-tensioning
This process involves the stressing of wires or cables by anchoring them at the end of a metal form,
which may be up to 120m in length. Hydraulic Jacks stress the wire acidic wire, of an adding 10% to
accommodate creep and other prestress losess that may be incurred.Side moulds are then fixed and the
concrete placed around the tensioned wires. The concrete hardens and shrinks, gripping the steel along
its length, transferring the tension from the jacks to exert a compressive force in the concrete.
Once the concrete has reached the desired strength, the tensioned wires are released from the
jacks. A typical concrete strength of 28 N/mm2 can be achieved by 24-hour steam curing, as well as
using additives.
Post-tensioning
This follows the reverse method to pre-tensioning, whereby the concrete member is cast and the
prestressing occurs after the concrete is hardened. This method is often used where stressing is to be
carried out on site after casting an insitu component or where a series of precast concrete units are to be
joined together to form the required member.
The wires, cables or bars may be positioned in the unit before concreting, but bonding to the concrete
is prevented by using a flexible duct or rubber sheath which is deflated and removed when the concrete has
hardened.
Stressing is carried out after the concrete has been cured by means of hydraulic jacks operating from
one or both ends of the member. Due to the high local stresses at the anchorage positions it is common for
a helical (spiral) reinforcement to be included in the design. When the required stress has been reached, the
wire or cables are anchored to maintain the prestress. The ends of the unit are sealed with cement mortar to
prevent corrosion due to any entrapped moisture and to assist in stress distribution.
Advantages :
• The inherent compressive strength of concrete is used to its fullest.
• The special alloy steels used to form the prestressing tendons are used to their fullest.
• Tension cracks are eliminated, reducing the risk of the steel components corroding.
• Shear stresses are reduced.
• For any given span and loading condition a reduction in weight can be achieved from using a
component with a smaller cross section.
• A composite member can be formed by joining individual precast concrete units together.
Disadvantages :
• A high degree of workmanship and control is required.
• Special alloy steels are more expensive than traditional steels used in reinforced concrete.
• Expensive equipment is needed and there are complex safety requirements.
Pre-stressed constructions
 ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGIES FOR
cycle. HOUSING
Aims to reduce the cost of construction and at the same time not sacrifice any element of safety or serviceability of the house over the life

There is need for adoption of :

• strong, • appropriate technologies in construction.
• durable, • functional,
• aesthetic, • environment friendly,
• ecologically appropriate, • energy efficient
• affordable and adaptable • cost-effective materials
• Foundations
• Foundations with different materials such as over burnt bricks, stone masonry
• Pile foundations
• Walls
• Rat-trap Bond
• Mortar less masonry
• Bricks & Blocks from different materials including agro-industrial wastes
• Door frames and panels
• RCC doors & window frames
• Doors & shutters from plantation timber and composites
• Roofs / slabs
• Precast technologies such as RC Planks & Joists system, Brick panels, RC Channels, waffle slabs
• Filler slabs
• Micro concrete roofing tiles
• Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheets and ridge cap
Alternative Systems : Miscellaneous
• RCC lintels and lintel cum chajjas
• Precast thin lintels and lintel cum chajjas
• Arches
• Corbelled openings
• Sand stone slabs
• Ferrocement precast staircase steps
• Ferrocement shelves
• Ferrocement panels
• Precast ferrocement tanks and drains
 Emerging Technologies for Social Mass Housing
Broad Parameters for evaluation of
technologies
• Structural stability • Scale of minimum number of houses

• Material specification and its durability

• Adoptability of Services.
• Green concept
• Expected life span of the proposed system
• Joints and connections specially for prefabricated • Maintenance scheme for the system
system
• Resistance of the system against fire, blast, etc.
• Users’ feedback and certification, wherever
• Cost effectiveness of the emerging technologies
vis-à-vis conventional construction system (RCC possible.
and masonry construction) • Compatibility and adherence of the system to BIS

• Speed of construction and qualitySanitation

• Any shortcoming of the system

• Suitability to Indian climatic and hazard

conditions
 Panel Building System using Steel Mesh,Polystyrene
Core and Chipping Concrete
• Panel Building system is a load bearing wallconstruction which is seismic resistant and thermally
insulated.
• Buildings of any typology or architectural structure, ranging from most simple to the most complex one,
could be constructed.
• The base element of the building system is a modular panel composed of two electro-welded galvanized
steel meshes, reciprocally joined by connectors , in the middle of which is a suitably shaped foam
polystyrene plate.
• High resistance steel meshes composed of bars having dia. 2.5 to 5 mm. are made infactory. Panels could
be supplied with meshes having different dia. and different geometrical characteristics.
 Panel Building System using Steel
Mesh,Polystyrene Core and Chipping Concrete
• Materials used: Meshes manufactured using high resistance steel bars of dia. 2.5 – 5mm, Self -
extinguishing Polystyrene core (min density 15 kg / m3), Chipping Concrete having characteristic
strength 30 Mpa
• Salient features: Good heat and sound insulation properties, versatility in construction, lightweight but
strong, resistance to seismic, hurricane/tornado forces including blast explosion of 50 psi, fire rating of
60 min, cost effective building system utilizing local raw materials and labour force, speed of
construction (30% less than conventional construction system), environment friendly being, CFC free
and non-toxic, energy efficient
• Evaluation: Wind projectile resistance test – Wind Science and engineering, Texas Tech University,
Texas; Fire resistance test - Centro Technologico De La Madera, spain; Dynamic Tests – RITAM-ISRIM-
Universita Di Perugia- CSM; Sound insulation test- SIRIM QAS International Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia
Panel Building System using Steel Mesh,Polystyrene
Core and Chipping Concrete
Details of construction of buildings using the technologies:
• Construction of 1820 units in 6 storey at Bangi, Selangor, 89.2 crore
• Construction of 50 units at Hulu Langar Distt. Selangor, Malaysia. 17.8 crore
• Construction of 6 storey private hospital with 3 basement car park at Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 220.5 crore
• Construction of 1002 units in 4 storey at Selangor, 11.75 crore
• Constructing houses near Kolkata for Government of west Bengal
 Technology Using Expanded Steel Mesh Panels,
Polystyrene Beads & Alleviated Concrete
The system is entirely a “on-site” construction process.
• The houses are entirely, including the roof, made up of structure panels assembled with Beams.
• Alleviated concrete, a special mix of concrete and expanded polystyrene beads, hence incorporating both the thermal and the
sound insulation, is injected into a steel structure made of panels reinforced with beams (galvanized steel wire studs / steel
rods).
• The Concrete base and the foundations of the houses are prepared in a conventional manner. The panels are tied to the
soldered wire mesh and to the iron rods in the base and in the foundations and assembled in accordance with the design of the
house.
• Materials used: Expanded steel type of galvanized steel mesh panels, cast and expanded in continuous process from a 1.6 mm
thick and 30 cm wide galvanized steel sheet coil and Alleviated concrete made up of cement; fiber; sand and expanded
polystyrene beads(1-4 mm).
• Salient Features: Well insulated, earthquake/hurricane/tornado resistant, fire and termite resistant, built on site in less time,
minimal manpower, equipment and logistics, high quality and durability, cost effective, sound, safe, healthy, energy efficient,
environment friendly, architectural flexibility, higher strength of walls and roof, wires and pipes embedded in the walls, no
forms, shuttering frames or casings. The system is composed of tri-dimensional panels, realized without welding in one piece,
without any loss of materials by special cutting process and using galvanized steel plates. It is made of two sides of
longitudinal ribs which are linked together at the knots by jambs. The layout of jambs in relation to the ribs defines the sides.
• Evaluation: Thermal, sound and structural certification by GINGER-CEBTP, France; fire resistance certification by EFECTIS,
France; Certification by CSTB,SOCOTEC, VERITAS
Technology Using Expanded Steel Mesh Panels,
Polystyrene Beads & Alleviated Concrete
THANK YOU