GOLD SlideSet 2017-1

GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (GOLD):

TEACHING SLIDE SET
February 2017
This slide set is restricted for academic and educational
purposes only. Use of the slide set, or of individual
slides, for commercial or promotional purposes requires
approval from GOLD.
© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

GOLD Board of Directors 2017
Alvar Agusti, MD, Chair Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide,

Respiratory Institute, South Australia, Australia
Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS David Halpin, MD
Univ. Barcelona and Ciberes Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital
Barcelona, Spain Devon, UK

Marc Decramer, MD, Chair (to 05/16) M. Victorina López Varela, MD
University of Leuven Universidad de la República
Leuven, Belgium Montevideo, Uruguay

Bartolome R. Celli, MD Masaharu Nishimura, MD
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Hokkaido University School of Medicine
Massachusetts, USA Sapporo, Japan

Rongchang Chen, MD Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin, MD
Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic,
Disease IDIBAPS
Guangzhou, PRC Univ. Barcelona and Ciberes
Barcelona, Spain
Gerard Criner, MD
Temple University School of Medicine Claus Vogelmeier, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA University of Marburg
Marburg, Germany
Peter Frith, MD

GOLD Science Committee 2017
Claus Vogelmeier, MD, Chair Dave Singh, MD
University of Marburg University of Manchester
Marburg, Germany Manchester, UK
Leonardo M. Fabbri, MD
Alvar Agusti, MD University of Modena & Reggio
Respiratory Institute, Hospital Emilia
Clinic, IDIBAPS Modena, Italy Robert Stockley, MD
Univ. Barcelona and Ciberes University Hospital
Barcelona, Spain Fernando Martinez, MD, MS Birmingham, UK
New York-Presbyterian Hospital/
Antonio Anzueto, MD Weill Cornell Medical Center Jørgen Vestbo, MD
University of Texas New York, NY,USA University of Manchester
Health Science Center Manchester, England, UK
San Antonio, Texas, USA Nicolas Roche, MD
Hôpital Cochin Jadwiga A. Wedzicha, MD
Peter Barnes, MD Paris, France Imperial College London
National Heart and Lung Institute London, UK
London, United Kingdom Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin, MD
Respiratory Institut, Hospital Clinic, PROGRAM DIRECTOR
Jean Bourbeau, MD IDIBAPS, Univ. Barcelona and Rebecca Decker, MSJ
McGill University Health Centre Ciberes, Barcelona, Spain Fontana, Wisconsin, USA
Montreal, Canada
Donald Sin, MD Suzanne Hurd, PhD
Gerard Criner, MD St. Paul’s Hospital, (Director to 12/15)
Temple University School of University of British Columbia
Medicine, Philadelphia, Vancouver, Canada
Pennsylvania, USA

GOLD National Leaders
Perlat Kapisyzi, Albania David S.C. Hui, Hong Kong Mohammad Osman Yusuf, Pakistan
Eduardo A. Schiavi, Argentina Thorarinn Gislason, Iceland Teresita S. deGuia, Philippines
Otto Chris Burghuber, Austria Gunnar Gudmundsson, Iceland Ewa Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, Poland
Mostafizur Rahman, Bangladesh Rohini V. Chowgule, India Pawel Kuca, Poland
Kazi S. BENNOOR, Bangladesh R.Narasimhan, India Florin Mihaltan, Romania
Wim Janssens, Belgium Faisal Yunus, Indonesia Ruxandra Ulmeanu, Romania
Jose Roberto Jardim, Brazil Masjedi Mohammad Reza, Iran Alexander Chuchalin, Russia
Aquiles Camelier, Brazil Mohammad Ashkan Moslehi, Iran Dmitri R. Rackita, Russia
Fernando Lundgren, Brazil Timothy J. McDonnell, Ireland Professor Alexandre Vizel, Russia
Yavor Ivanov, Bulgaria Zvi G. Fridlender, Israel Professor Eugeny Shmelev, Russia
Kosta Kostov, Bulgaria Lorenzo Corbetta, Italy Kian-Chung Ong, Singapore
Dennis E. O’Donnell, Canada Takahide Nagase, Japan Wan-Cheng Tan, Singapore
Manuel Barros, Chile Michiaki Mishima, Japan Ruzena Tkacova, Slovak Republic
Nan-Shan Zhong, China Bashar Nsour, Jordan Stanislav Suskovic, Slovenia
Jiangtao Lin, China Jawad Hamad, Jordan EM Irusen, South Africa
Chunxue Bai, China Damilya Nugmanova, Kazakhstan Patricia Sobradillo, Spain
Fu-Qiang Wen, China Yeon-Mok Oh, Korea Daiana Stolz, Switzerland
Alejandro Casas, Colombia Mousa Khadadah, Kuwait Yousser Mohammad, Syria
Neven Miculinic, Croatia Talant Sooronbaev, Kyrgyz Republic Professor Ali Kocabas, Turkey
Stanislav Kos, Czech Republic Joseph M Cacciottolo, Malta Hakan Gunen, Turkey
Jaromir Musil, Czech Republic J. Javier Díaz Castañón, Mexico Maria Montes de Oca, Venezuela
Vladimir Vondra, Czech Republic Alexandru Corlateanu, Moldova Ngo Quy Chau, Vietnam
Ejvind Frausing Hansen, Denmark Dr Oyunchimeg, Mongolia Le Thi Tuyet Lan, Vietnam
Eduardo Gautreau de Windt, Dominican Harold Rea, New Zealand Sy Duong-Quy, Vietnam
Republic Jorge Cuadra, Nicaragua Khaled Al-Shair, Yemen
Hisham Tarraf, Egypt Amund Gulsvik, Norway
Victor Castro Gòmez, El Salvador Ernst Omenaas, Norway
Gerard Huchon, France Javaid Khan, Pakistan
Maia Gotua, Georgia Jamil Ur Rehman Tahir, Pakistan
Klaus Rabe, Germany

GOLD Invited Contributors
Prof. Richard Beasley
Medical Research Institute of Maria Montes de Oca, MD
New Zealand Hospital Universitario de Caracas,
Wellington, New Zealand Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Caracas, Venezuela
Peter M A Calverley, MD
University Hospital Aintree Takahide Nagase, MD
Liverpool, UK The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
Ciro Casanova, MD
Hospital Universitario Alberto Papi, MD
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain University of Ferarra
Ferrara, Italy
James Donohue, MD
University of North Carolina Ian Pavord, MD
Chapel Hill, NC, USA University of Oxford
Oxford, UK
MeiLan Han, MD, MS
University of Michigan David Price, FRCGP
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Observational and Pragmatic Research
Institute, Singapore
Nicola Hanania, MBBS, MS University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
Baylor College of Medicine Scotland, UK
Houston, TX, USA


GOLD Website Address
www.goldcopd.org

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
► COPD is currently the fourth leading cause of death
in the world.1
► COPD is projected to be the 3rd leading cause of

death by 2020.2
► More than 3 million people died of COPD in 2012

accounting for 6% of all deaths globally.
► Globally, the COPD burden is projected to increase in

coming decades because of continued exposure to
COPD risk factors and aging of the population.
1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a
systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380(9859): 2095-128.
2. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006; 3(11): e442.

GOLD Objectives
► To provide a non-biased review of the current

evidence for the assessment, diagnosis and
treatment of patients with COPD.
► To highlight short-term and long-term treatment

objectives organized into two groups:
 Relieving and reducing the impact of symptoms,
and
 Reducing the risk of adverse health events that
may affect the patient in the future.
► To guide symptoms assessment and health status

measurement.

GOLD Levels of Evidence

GOLD Levels of Evidence
► Levels of evidence have been assigned to evidence-
based recommendations where appropriate.
► Evidence levels are indicated in boldface type

enclosed in parentheses after the relevant statement
e.g., (Evidence A).
► The methodological issues concerning the use of

evidence from meta-analyses were carefully
considered.
► The evidence level scheme with categories A to D

used throughout this document has been modified
from that used in prior GOLD Reports and the
evidence category definitions have been refined and
updated.

GOLD 2017 Report: Chapters
1. Definition and Overview
2. Diagnosis and Initial Assessment
3. Evidence Supporting Prevention

& Maintenance Therapy
4. Management of Stable COPD
5. Management of Exacerbations
6. COPD and Comorbidities



COPD Definition
► Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a

common, preventable and treatable disease that is
characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms
and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or
alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant
exposure to noxious particles or gases.

COPD Etiology, Pathobiology &
Pathology

Definition and Overview

OVERALL KEY POINTS (1 of 2):
► Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a

common, preventable and treatable disease that is
characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms
and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or
alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant
exposure to noxious particles or gases.
► The most common respiratory symptoms include

dyspnea, cough and/or sputum production. These
symptoms may be under-reported by patients.
► The main risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking

but other environmental exposures such as biomass
fuel exposure and air pollution may contribute.

► Besides exposures, host factors predispose

individuals to develop COPD. These include genetic
abnormalities, abnormal lung development and
accelerated aging.
► COPD may be punctuated by periods of acute

worsening of respiratory symptoms, called
exacerbations.
► In most patients, COPD is associated with significant

concomitant chronic diseases, which increase its
morbidity and mortality.

Prevalence
Prevalence of COPD
► Systematic review and meta-analysis (Halbert et al,

2006)
► Included studies carried out in 28 countries between

1990 and 2004
► Prevalence of COPD was higher in smokers and ex-

smokers compared to non-smokers
► Higher ≥ 40 year group compared to those < 40
► Higher in men than women.

Prevalence
Prevalence of COPD
► Estimated 384 million COPD cases in 2010.
► Estimated global prevalence of 11.7% (95% CI

8.4%–15.0%).
► Three million deaths annually.
► With increasing prevalence of smoking in developing

countries, and aging populations in high-income
countries, the prevalence of COPD is expected to
rise over the next 30 years.
► By 2030 predicted 4.5 million COPD related deaths

annually.

Economic and Social Burden
Economic burden of COPD
► COPD is associated with significant economic

burden.
► COPD exacerbations account for the greatest
proportion of the total COPD burden.
► European Union:
 Direct costs of respiratory disease ~6% of the
total healthcare budget
 COPD accounting for 56% (38.6 billion Euros) of
the cost of respiratory disease.
► USA:
 Direct costs of COPD are $32 billion
 Indirect costs $20.4 billion.

Economic and Social Burden
► Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study
► Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) = sum of years

lost because of premature mortality and years of life
lived with disability, adjusted for the severity of
disability.
► COPD is an increasing contributor to disability and

mortality around the world.
► In 2013 COPD was 5th leading cause of DALYs lost.
► In the United States, COPD is the second leading

cause of reduced DALYs, trailing only ischemic heart
disease

Factors that influence disease progression
► Genetic factors
► Age and gender
► Lung growth and development
► Exposure to particles
► Socioeconomic status
► Asthma & airway hyper-reactivity
► Chronic bronchitis
► Infections

Pathology, pathogenesis & pathophysiology
► Pathology
 Chronic inflammation
 Structural changes
► Pathogenesis
 Oxidative stress
 Protease-antiprotease imbalance
 Inflammatory cells
 Inflammatory mediators
 Peribronchiolar and interstitial fibrosis
► Pathophysiology
 Airflow limitation and gas trapping
 Gas exchange abnormalities
 Mucus hypersecretion
 Pulmonary hypertension



Diagnosis and Initial Assessment
► COPD should be considered in any patient who has

dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, and/or
a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease.
► Spirometry is required to make the diagnosis; the

presence of a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70
confirms the presence of persistent airflow limitation.
► The goals of COPD assessment are to determine the

level of airflow limitation, the impact of disease on the
patient’s health status, and the risk of future events
(such as exacerbations, hospital admissions, or
death), in order to guide therapy.

► Concomitant chronic diseases occur frequently in

COPD patients, including cardiovascular disease,
skeletal muscle dysfunction, metabolic syndrome,
osteoporosis, depression, anxiety, and lung cancer.
These comorbidities should be actively sought and
treated appropriately when present as they can
influence mortality and hospitalizations
independently.



► Symptoms of COPD
 Chronic and progressive dyspnea

 Cough
 Sputum production
 Wheezing and chest tightness
 Others – including fatigue, weight
loss, anorexia, syncope, rib fractures,
ankle swelling, depression, anxiety.


Medical History
► Patient’s exposure to risk factors
► Past medical history
► Family history of COPD or other chronic respiratory disease.
► Pattern of symptom development
► History of exacerbations or previous hospitalizations for
respiratory disorder
► Presence of comorbidities
► Impact of disease on patient’s life
► Social and family support available to the patient.
► Possibilities for reducing risk factors, especially smoking
cessation.


Spirometry

Classification of severity of airflow
limitation

Choice of thresholds
► COPD Assessment Test (CAT TM )
► Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CCQ® )
► St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)
► Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ)
► Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) questionnaire

Assessment of Exacerbation Risk
► COPD exacerbations are defined as an acute worsening of

respiratory symptoms that result in additional therapy.
► Classified as:
 Mild (treated with SABDs only)
 Moderate (treated with SABDs plus antibiotics and/or oral
corticosteroids) or
 Severe (patient requires hospitalization or visits the
emergency room). Severe exacerbations may also be
associated with acute respiratory failure.
► Blood eosinophil count may also predict exacerbation rates (in
patients treated with LABA without ICS).

ABCD Assessment Tool

ABCD Assessment Tool
Example
► Consider two patients:

 Both patients with FEV1 < 30% of predicted
 Both with CAT scores of 18
 But, one with 0 exacerbations in the past year and the
other with 3 exacerbations in the past year.
► Both would have been labelled GOLD D in the prior

classification scheme.
► With the new proposed scheme, the subject with 3
exacerbations in the past year would be labelled GOLD grade
4, group D.
► The other patient, who has had no exacerbations, would be
classified as GOLD grade 4, group B.
Summary

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)
AATD screening
► The World Health Organization recommends that all patients

with a diagnosis of COPD should be screened once especially
in areas with high AATD prevalence.
► AATD patients are typically < 45 years with panlobular basal

emphysema
► Delay in diagnosis in older AATD patients presents as more

typical distribution of emphysema (centrilobular apical).
► A low concentration (< 20% normal) is highly suggestive of

homozygous deficiency.

Differential Diagnosis



Evidence Supporting Prevention &
Maintenance Therapy
► Smoking cessation is key. Pharmacotherapy and nicotine

replacement reliably increase long-term smoking abstinence rates.
► The effectiveness and safety of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation
aid is uncertain at present.
► Pharmacologic therapy can reduce COPD symptoms, reduce the
frequency and severity of exacerbations, and improve health status
and exercise tolerance.
► Each pharmacologic treatment regimen should be individualized and
guided by the severity of symptoms, risk of exacerbations, side-
effects, comorbidities, drug availability and cost, and the patient’s
response, preference and ability to use various drug delivery devices.
► Inhaler technique needs to be assessed regularly.
Maintenance Therapy
► Influenza vaccination decreases the incidence of lower respiratory

tract infections.
► Pneumococcal vaccination decreases lower respiratory tract
infections.
► Pulmonary rehabilitation improves symptoms, quality of life, and
physical and emotional participation in everyday activities.
► In patients with severe resting chronic hypoxemia, long-term oxygen
therapy improves survival.
► In patients with stable COPD and resting or exercise-induced
moderate desaturation, long-term oxygen treatment should not be
prescribed routinely. However, individual patient factors must be
considered when evaluating the patient’s need for supplemental
oxygen. © 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Maintenance Therapy
► In patients with severe chronic hypercapnia and a history of

hospitalization for acute respiratory failure, long-term non-invasive
ventilation may decrease mortality and prevent re-hospitalization.
► In select patients with advanced emphysema refractory to optimized

medical care, surgical or bronchoscopic interventional treatments may
be beneficial.
► Palliative approaches are effective in controlling symptoms in

advanced COPD.

Smoking Cessation
► Smoking cessation has the greatest capacity to influence the

natural history of COPD.
► If effective resources and time are dedicated to smoking

cessation, long-term quit success rates of up to 25% can be
achieved.

Vaccination
► Influenza vaccination can reduce serious illness (such as lower

respiratory tract infections requiring hospitalization)24 and
death in COPD patients.
► Pneumococcal vaccinations, PCV13 and PPSV23, are

recommended for all patients ≥ 65 years of age

Pharmacologic Therapy

Pharmacologic Therapy

Bronchodilators in Stable COPD

Anti-inflammatory Therapy in Stable COPD

The Inhaled Route

Other Pharmacologic Treatments

Rehabilitation, Education & Self-
Management

Palliative, End of Life & Hospice Care
► In many patients, the disease trajectory in COPD is marked by

a gradual decline in health status and increasing symptoms,
punctuated by acute exacerbations that are associated with an
increased risk of dying.
► Although mortality rates following hospitalization for an acute

exacerbation of COPD are declining, reported rates still vary
from 23% to 80%.

Oxygen Therapy & Ventilatory Support in
Stable COPD
► During exacerbations of COPD. Noninvasive ventilation

(NIV) in the form of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
(NPPV) is the standard of care for decreasing morbidity and
mortality in patients hospitalized with an exacerbation of COPD
and acute respiratory failure

Oxygen Therapy & Ventilatory Support in
Stable COPD
► During exacerbations of COPD. Noninvasive ventilation

(NIV) in the form of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
(NPPV) is the standard of care for decreasing morbidity and
mortality in patients hospitalized with an exacerbation of COPD
and acute respiratory failure

Interventional Therapy in Stable COPD
► Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). LVRS is a surgical

procedure in which parts of the lungs are resected to reduce
hyperinflation,261 making respiratory muscles more effective
pressure generators by improving their mechanical efficiency.

Interventional Therapy in Stable COPD
► Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a surgical procedure

in which parts of the lungs are resected to reduce
hyperinflation,261 making respiratory muscles more effective
pressure generators by improving their mechanical efficiency.
► Due to the morbidity and mortality associated with LVRS, less

invasive bronchoscopic approaches to lung reduction have
been examined.



Management of Stable COPD
OVERALL KEY POINTS:
► The management strategy for stable COPD should be predominantly

based on the individualized assessment of symptoms and future risk
of exacerbations.
► All individuals who smoke should be strongly encouraged and

supported to quit.
► The main treatment goals are reduction of symptoms and future risk
of exacerbations.
► Management strategies are not limited to pharmacologic treatments,

and should be complemented by appropriate non-pharmacologic
interventions.

► Once COPD has been diagnosed, effective management

should be based on an individualized assessment to reduce
both current symptoms and future risks of exacerbations.

Identify and reduce exposure to known risk factors
► Identification and reduction of exposure to risk factors is important in

the treatment and prevention of COPD.
► Cigarette smoking is the most commonly encountered and easily

identifiable risk factor for COPD, and smoking cessation should be
continually encouraged for all individuals who smoke.
► Reduction of total personal exposure to occupational dusts, fumes,

and gases, and to indoor and outdoor air pollutants, should also be
addressed.


Treatment of Stable COPD
Pharmacologic treatment
► Pharmacologic therapies can reduce symptoms, and the risk and

severity of exacerbations, as well as improve health status and
exercise tolerance.
► Most of the drugs are inhaled so proper inhaler technique is of high

relevance.



Pharmacologic treatment algorithms
► A proposed model for the initiation, and then subsequent escalation

and/or de-escalation of pharmacologic management of COPD
according to the individualized assessment of symptoms and
exacerbation risk is shown.
► We suggest escalation (and de-escalation) strategies.
► The recommendations made are based on available efficacy as well

as safety data.
► It should be noted that there is a lack of direct evidence supporting

the therapeutic recommendations for patients in groups C and D.
These recommendations will be re-evaluated as additional data
become available.

Group A
► All Group A patients should be
offered bronchodilator treatment
based on its effect on
breathlessness. This can be either
a short- or a long-acting
bronchodilator.
► This should be continued if

symptomatic benefit is
documented.

Group B
► Initial therapy should consist of a long
acting bronchodilator. Long-acting inhaled
bronchodilators are superior to short-acting
bronchodilators taken as needed i.e., pro re
nata (prn) and are therefore recommended.
► There is no evidence to recommend one

class of long-acting bronchodilators over
another for initial relief of symptoms in this
group of patients. In the individual patient,
the choice should depend on the patient’s
perception of symptom relief.
► For patients with persistent breathlessness

on monotherapy the use of two
bronchodilators is recommended.

Group B (continued)
► For patients with severe breathlessness
initial therapy with two bronchodilators may
be considered.
► If the addition of a second bronchodilator

does not improve symptoms, we suggest
the treatment could be stepped down
again to a single bronchodilator.
► Group B patients are likely to have

comorbidities that may add to their
symptomatology and impact their
prognosis, and these possibilities should
be investigated.

Group C
► Initial therapy should consist of a single
long acting bronchodilator. In two head-to
head comparisons the tested LAMA was
superior to the LABA regarding
exacerbation prevention, therefore we
recommend starting therapy with a LAMA
in this group.
► Patients with persistent exacerbations may

benefit from adding a second long acting
bronchodilator (LABA/LAMA) or using a
combination of a long acting beta2-agonist
and an inhaled corticosteroid (LABA/ICS).
As ICS increases the risk for developing
pneumonia in some patients, our primary
choice is LABA/LAMA.

Group D
► We recommend starting therapy with a
LABA/LAMA combination because:
 In studies with patient reported outcomes as the

primary endpoint LABA/LAMA combinations
showed superior results compared to the single
substances. If a single bronchodilator is chosen
as initial treatment, a LAMA is preferred for
exacerbation prevention based on comparison to
LABAs (for details see GOLD 2017 Chapter 3).
 A LABA/LAMA combination was superior to a

LABA/ICS combination in preventing
exacerbations and other patient reported
outcomes in Group D patients (for details see
GOLD 2017 Chapter 3).
 Group D patients are at higher risk of developing

pneumonia when receiving treatment with ICS.

Group D (continued)
► In some patients initial therapy with LABA/ICS
may be the first choice. These patients may
have a history and/or findings suggestive of
asthma-COPD overlap. High blood eosinophil
counts may also be considered as a parameter
to support the use of ICS, although this is still
under debate (for details see Chapter 2 and
Appendix).
► In patients who develop further exacerbations

on LABA/LAMA therapy we suggest two
alternative pathways:
 Escalation to LABA/LAMA/ICS. Studies are
underway comparing the effects of LABA/LAMA
vs. LABA/LAMA/ICS for exacerbation prevention.
 Switch to LABA/ICS. However, there is no
evidence that switching from LABA/LAMA to
LABA/ICS results in better exacerbation
prevention. If LABA/ICS therapy does not
positively impact exacerbations/symptoms, a
LAMA can be added.
Group D (continued)
If patients treated with LABA/LAMA/ICS still have
exacerbations the following options may be
considered:
► Add roflumilast. This may be considered in
patients with an FEV1 < 50% predicted and
chronic bronchitis,13 particularly if they have
experienced at least one hospitalization for an
exacerbation in the previous year.
► Add a macrolide. The best available evidence

exists for the use of azithromycin. Consideration
to the development of resistant organisms
should be factored into decision making.
► Stopping ICS. A reported lack of efficacy, an

elevated risk of adverse effects (including
pneumonia) and evidence showing no
significant harm from withdrawal supports this
recommendation (see Chapter 3 for further
details).
Non-Pharmacologic Treatment
► Education and self-management

► Physical activity
► Pulmonary rehabilitation programs
► Exercise training
► Self-management education
► End of life and palliative care
► Nutritional support
► Vaccination
► Oxygen therapy

Education and self-management
► Self-management education and coaching by healthcare

professionals should be a major component of the “Chronic Care
Model” within the context of the healthcare delivery system.
► The aim of self-management education is to motivate, engage and

coach the patients to positively adapt their health behavior(s) and
develop skills to better manage their disease.

Oxygen therapy
Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated for stable patients

who have:
► PaO2 at or below 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) or SaO2 at or below

88%, with or without hypercapnia confirmed twice over a
three week period; or
► PaO2 between 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) and 8.0 kPa (60
mmHg), or SaO2 of 88%, if there is evidence of pulmonary
hypertension, peripheral edema suggesting congestive
cardiac failure, or polycythemia (hematocrit > 55%).

Interventional bronchoscopy and surgery
► In selected patients with heterogeneous or homogenous

emphysema and significant hyperinflation refractory to
optimized medical care, surgical or bronchoscopic modes
of lung volume reduction (e.g., endobronchial one-way
valves or lung coils) may be considered.
► In selected patients with a large bulla, surgical bullectomy

may be considered.
► In selected patients with very severe COPD and without

relevant contraindications, lung transplantation may be
considered.
Non-Pharmacologic Treatment -
Summary

Non-Pharmacologic Treatment –
Summary (continued)

Monitoring and Follow-up
Monitoring disease progression and development of complications

and/or comorbidities
► Measurements. Decline in FEV1 can be tracked by spirometry

performed at least once a year.
► Symptoms. At each visit, information on symptoms since the last visit
should be collected, including cough and sputum, breathlessness,
fatigue, activity limitation, and sleep disturbances.
► Exacerbations. The frequency, severity, type and likely causes of all
exacerbations should be monitored.
► Imaging. If there is a clear worsening of symptoms, imaging may be
indicated.
► Smoking status. At each visit, the current smoking status and smoke
exposure should be determined followed by appropriate action.
Monitoring and Follow-up
Pharmacotherapy and other medical treatment
In order to adjust therapy appropriately as the disease progresses, each

follow-up visit should include a discussion of the current therapeutic
regimen.
Monitoring should focus on:
► Dosages of prescribed medications.
► Adherence to the regimen.
► Inhaler technique.
► Effectiveness of the current regime.
► Side effects.
Treatment modifications should be recommended.



Management of Exacerbations
► An exacerbation of COPD is defined as an acute worsening of

respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy.
► Exacerbations of COPD can be precipitated by several factors. The

most common causes are respiratory tract infections.
► The goal for treatment of COPD exacerbations is to minimize the

negative impact of the current exacerbation and to prevent
subsequent events.
► Short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists, with or without short-acting

anticholinergics, are recommended as the initial bronchodilators to
treat an acute exacerbation.

► Maintenance therapy with long-acting bronchodilators should be

initiated as soon as possible before hospital discharge.
► Systemic corticosteroids can improve lung function (FEV1),

oxygenation and shorten recovery time and hospitalization duration.
Duration of therapy should not be more than 5-7 days.
► Antibiotics, when indicated, can shorten recovery time, reduce the risk
of early relapse, treatment failure, and hospitalization duration.
Duration of therapy should be 5-7 days.
► Methylxanthines are not recommended due to increased side effect

profiles.

► Non-invasive mechanical ventilation should be the first mode of

ventilation used in COPD patients with acute respiratory failure who
have no absolute contraindication because it improves gas exchange,
reduces work of breathing and the need for intubation, decreases
hospitalization duration and improves survival.
► Following an exacerbation, appropriate measures for exacerbation

prevention should be initiated (see GOLD 2017 Chapter 3 and
Chapter 4).

COPD exacerbations are defined as an acute worsening of

respiratory symptoms that result in additional therapy.
► They are classified as:
 Mild (treated with short acting bronchodilators only, SABDs)

 Moderate (treated with SABDs plus antibiotics and/or oral
corticosteroids) or
 Severe (patient requires hospitalization or visits the emergency
room). Severe exacerbations may also be associated with acute
respiratory failure.

Classification of hospitalized patients
No respiratory failure:
Respiratory rate: 20-30 breaths per minute; no use of
accessory respiratory muscles; no changes in mental status;
hypoxemia improved with supplemental oxygen given via
Venturi mask 28-35% inspired oxygen (FiO2); no increase in
PaCO2.


Acute respiratory failure — non-life-threatening:

Respiratory rate: > 30 breaths per minute; using accessory
respiratory muscles; no change in mental status; hypoxemia
improved with supplemental oxygen via Venturi mask 25-
30% FiO2; hypercarbia i.e., PaCO2 increased compared with
baseline or elevated 50-60 mmHg.


Acute respiratory failure — life-threatening:

Respiratory rate: > 30 breaths per minute; using accessory
respiratory muscles; acute changes in mental status;
hypoxemia not improved with supplemental oxygen via
Venturi mask or requiring FiO2 > 40%; hypercarbia i.e.,
PaCO2 increased compared with baseline or elevated > 60
mmHg or the presence of acidosis (pH < 7.25).




- Summary

The three classes of medications most commonly used for

COPD exacerbations are:
► Bronchodilators
 Although there is no high-quality evidence from RCTs, it is recommended
that short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists, with or without short-acting
anticholinergics, are the initial bronchodilators for acute treatment of a
COPD exacerbation.
► Corticosteroids
 Data from studies indicate that systemic glucocorticoids in COPD
exacerbations shorten recovery time and improve lung function (FEV1).
They also improve oxygenation, the risk of early relapse, treatment
failure, and the length of hospitalization.
► Antibiotics

Respiratory support

Respiratory support





COPD and Comorbidities
► COPD often coexists with other diseases (comorbidities) that may

have a significant impact on disease course.
► In general, the presence of comorbidities should not alter COPD

treatment and comorbidities should be treated per usual standards
regardless of the presence of COPD.
► Lung cancer is frequently seen in patients with COPD and is a main

cause of death.
► Cardiovascular diseases are common and important comorbidities in

COPD.

► Osteoporosis and depression/anxiety are frequent, important

comorbidities in COPD, are often under-diagnosed, and are
associated with poor health status and prognosis.
► Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is associated with an increased risk

of exacerbations and poorer health status.
► When COPD is part of a multimorbidity care plan, attention should be

directed to ensure simplicity of treatment and to minimize
polypharmacy.

Some common comorbidities occurring in patients with COPD with

stable disease include:
► Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
► Heart failure
► Ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
► Arrhythmias
► Peripheral vascular disease
► Hypertension
► Osteoporosis
► Anxiety and depression
► COPD and lung cancer
► Metabolic syndrome and diabetes
► Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
► Bronchiectasis
► Obstructive sleep apnea

COPD as part of multimorbidity
► An increasing number of people in any aging population will suffer from multi-
morbidity, defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions, and
COPD is present in the majority of multi-morbid patients.
► Multi-morbid patients have symptoms from multiple diseases and thus

symptoms and signs are complex and most often attributable to several
causes in the chronic state as well as during acute events.
► There is no evidence that COPD should be treated differently when part of

multi-morbidity; however, it should be kept in mind that most evidence comes
from trials in patients with COPD as the only significant disease.
► Treatments should be kept simple in the light of the unbearable polypharmacy

that these patients are often exposed to.

GOLD Website
www.goldcopd.org

World COPD Day
November, 2016
Keep updated here:
http://goldcopd.org/world-copd-day/
Journals Publishing the GOLD 2017
Executive Summary
 American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
 European Respiratory Journal
 Respirology
 Archivos de Bronconeumología

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GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (GOLD):

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Alvar Agusti, MD, Chair Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide,

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► COPD is projected to be the 3rd leading cause of

► More than 3 million people died of COPD in 2012

► Globally, the COPD burden is projected to increase in

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► To provide a non-biased review of the current

► To highlight short-term and long-term treatment

► To guide symptoms assessment and health status

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► Evidence levels are indicated in boldface type

► The methodological issues concerning the use of

► The evidence level scheme with categories A to D

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

1. Definition and Overview

2. Diagnosis and Initial Assessment

3. Evidence Supporting Prevention

4. Management of Stable COPD

6. COPD and Comorbidities

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

1. Definition and Overview

2. Diagnosis and Initial Assessment

3. Evidence Supporting Prevention

4. Management of Stable COPD

6. COPD and Comorbidities

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a

► The most common respiratory symptoms include

► The main risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► Besides exposures, host factors predispose

► COPD may be punctuated by periods of acute

► In most patients, COPD is associated with significant

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► Systematic review and meta-analysis (Halbert et al,

► Included studies carried out in 28 countries between

► Prevalence of COPD was higher in smokers and ex-

► Higher ≥ 40 year group compared to those < 40

► Higher in men than women.

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► Estimated 384 million COPD cases in 2010.

► Estimated global prevalence of 11.7% (95% CI

► Three million deaths annually.

► With increasing prevalence of smoking in developing

► By 2030 predicted 4.5 million COPD related deaths

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

► COPD is associated with significant economic

© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease