Beginning of Dravidian Temple style and Indo Aryan Temple

 Dravidian style of architecture is mainly found in Have a

Temple architecture of south India namely in states of separate
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh. entry gate
called
 Classified under early Guptas and chaulakyas and also Gopuram,
by the kings of the Pallava dynasty, the Cholas, the highly
Pandyas, the Vijayanagara Kings and by the Nayaks decorated
of Madura. and carved

 Architectural Historian sub divide the period of

Dravidian Architectural growth into:

1.Pallava Period, 600-900AD

2.Chola Period, 700-1150 AD
3.Pandava Period, 1100-1350AD
4.Vijayanagara Period and 1350-1565AD In elevation:
5.Nayakkar Period. 1565-1600 AD • Plinth
• Shikhara,
 The temple shape may be rectangular, Vimana
square, star-shaped, or octagonal. • Mandapa
Examples like, Brihadhaeshwara Temple,
Shore temples, Mahabalipuram, kanchepuram
 Indo-Aryan style of Architecture are mainly
found in Temple Architecture of Northern
India namely in Orissa, Rajasthan and
Gujarat.

 Examples like Sun Temple in Konark.

Muktesvara Temple in Orrisa.

 It can be classified only under early Guptas

and chaulakyas.
 Usually had square planning
 Indo-Aryan temples
Comparatively have less
number of columns.

 Here God or Goddess

are mostly made in white
marble.
In elevation:
• Plinth
• Shikhara
• Mandapa
NAGARA:
• sikhara tower in Nagara temples have a sloping curve as they rise
• have decorative arches known as gavakshas and are topped by
an amalaka – a large fluted stone disk – and also a small pot and
finial
• Walls of Nagara temples present a complex exterior of
projections (ratha), with up to seven on each side which create
many recesses.
Two distinct features of the Nagara style are - planning and other elevation.

• The plan is square with a number of gradual projections in the middle of each side
which Imparts it a cruciform shape. When there is one projection on each side, it is
called ‘triratha’, two projections – ‘Pancharatha’, three projections –
‘Saptharatha’ and four projections –‘Navaratha’. These projections can occur
throughout the height of the structure.

• In elevation it exhibits a tower (shikhara) gradually inclining towards in a convex

curve.

• The projections in the plan are also carried upwards to the top of the shikhara. 
DRAVIDA:
• towers (known separately as vimana) are more dome-like
with cornices, and they are topped by another smaller dome.
• exterior walls have regular entablatures which often contain
sculpture.
• temples can also have:
 ritual bathing tank or pool (nandi mandapa)
 barrel-vaulted (shala) roof
 enclosed within a walled courtyard with a gate (gopura)
RAJAGOPURA DWAJASTHAM MAHAMANDAP SANCTUM
Artha Mandapa.

1. Garbhagriha
2. Mandapa.
3. Antarala.
4. Mahamandapa.
5. Enclosing wall
6. Pradhikshana path.
Vesara Style

•It emerged during early medieval period.

•It is a hybrid style that borrowed from the northern and southern styles. So, it is a mixture of
both Nagara and Dravida styles of temple architecture. 
•Temples built in the Deccan under the later Chalukyas of Kalyani and Hoysalas are
considered examples of this style.

•Vesara style reduces the height of the temple towers even though the numbers of tiers are
retained. This is accomplished by reducing the height of individual tiers. 
•The semi circular structures of the Buddhist chaityas are also borrowed in this style, as in
the Durga temple of Aihole. 
•Many temples in Central India and Deccan have used the Vesara style with regional
modifications. The Papanatha temple (680 AD) in particular and some other temples to a
lesser extent located at Pattadakal demonstrate panache for this stylistic overlap.
•The trend of merging two styles was started by the Chalukyas of Badami (500-735 AD)
who built temples in a style that was essentially a mixture of the Nagara and Dravida styles,
further refined by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta (750-983 AD) in Ellora, Chalukyas of Kalyani
(983-1195 AD) in Lakkundi, Dambal, Gadag etc. and epitomized by the Hoysalas (1000-1330
AD). 
•Most of the temples built in Halebid, Belur andSomanathapura are classified under this
style.
Pallavas Rathas at Mamalapuram
 Five Rathas namely: Draupadi Ratha, Arjuna
Ratha, Nakula Sahadeva Ratha, Bhima Ratha,
Dharmaraja Ratha.
 All five Rathas have
very diverse planning,
architecture and
ornamentation and
each Ratha has got
interior room - simple
and narrow sanctuary
(garbha-griha )
 Among the Rathas are
three large sculptures:
Lion, Elephant and
Nandi bull. 1) Draupadi Ratha

 The closest to the entrance gate is Draupadi Ratha - it is

also the smallest one. This shrine is devoted to goddess
Durga.

 This shrine is shaped like a thatched hut, with a square

roof. and the nearby Arjuna Ratha are on a single platform
which is rised and adorned with figures of lions and
 2) Arjuna Ratha
 On the same platform is located the next Ratha - Arjuna Ratha, which is devoted to
Shiva.

 This small structure is shaped like a small wooden shrine, once characteristic for
Southern India. It is facing towards the east and has two storeys, a small portico and
carved pillars.

 Inside the shrine there are no adornments, but the exterior is very rich with
interesting details.

3) Nakula Sahadeva Ratha

 This shrine is devoted to Indra and is associated

with elephants. This ratha is the only one which
is not placed in a "procession", it stands aside. It
is also the only one with entrance facing south.

 The roof of this shrine is shaped like a back of

elephant. The columns and pillars are adorned
with seated lions. Draupadi ratha to the left, Arjuna ratha - to the
right
4) Bhima Ratha
 The third shrine in a row is the longest of
all rathas - it is 12.8 m long, 7.3 m wide,
7.6 m high.

 The Bhima ratha is a single-tired structure

with a rectangular base.

 This ratha was devoted to Anantshayi

Vishnu. Pillars of the shrine are adorned
with figures of lions.

5) Dharmaraja ratha
 The shrine is devoted to Shiva. Columns
and pilasters of this ratha are adorned with
lions.

 The ground (first) floor of Dharmaraja

Ratha has pillared entrances on all sides.

 The second and the third tier has

Garbhagriha and parapet wall with space
in between them
 Shore Temple
LOCATION: Is at Mahabalipuram, a village south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
 It is Called as Shore Temple because it is at edge of
the BAY OF BENGAL.

 The temple is a combination of three shrines

which are built on the same platform.

 The main shrine is dedicated to Shiva as it is

smaller than the second shrine. A small third
shrine, between the two, is dedicated to a Vishnu.

 The two Shiva shrines are orthogonal in shape.

The temple has a garbhagriha in which the deity,
Siva linga is enshrined, and a small mandapa
surrounded by a heavy outer wall

 The roofs of the temples have ornamentation

similar to the Pancha Rathas and the columns are
carved over lion mounted bases.

 Built with sculpted granite stones. Its pyramidal

structure is 18m high and sits on a 15m square
platform.
MAHABALIPURAM, ALSO KNOWN AS MAMALLAPURAM IS A TOWN
IN KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT IN THE INDIAN STATE OF TAMIL NADU IT IS
AN ANCIENT HISTORIC TOWN .

BY THE 7TH CENTURY IT WAS A PORT CITY OF SOUTH INDIAN DYNASTY

OF THE PALLAVAS. IT HAS A GROUP OF SANCTUARIES, WHICH WAS
CARVED OUT OF ROCK ALONG THE COROMANDEL COAST IN THE 7TH
AND 8TH CENTURIES.

It has RATHAS (TEMPLES IN THE FORM OF CHARIOTS), MANDAPAS (CAVE

SANCTUARIES), GIANT OPEN-AIR RELIEFS SUCH AS THE FAMOUS
'DESCENT OF THE GANGES', AND THE SHORE TEMPLE, WITH THOUSANDS
OF SCULPTURES TO THE GLORY OF SHIVA.
THE MODERN CITY OF MAHABALIPURAM WAS ESTABLISHED BY
THE BRITISH RAJ IN 1827.
 ELEVATION DRAWING SECTION
DRAWING

PLAN DRAWING PLAN DRAWING

Axonometric Drawing
 Kailasanathar Temple  The Kailasanathar temple is the oldest
structure in Kanchipuram, located
in Tamil Nadu, built from 685-705AD by
a Rajasimha ruler of the pallava dynasty

 It is a Hindu temple  in the Dravidian

Architectural style, dedicated to the
Lord Shiva.

 The structure contains 58 small shrines

which are dedicated to various forms of
Shiva.

 The temple's foundations are made

of granite, which could withstand the
weight of the temple, while the carvings
are all made of sandstone.

 The shikara of the temple, above the

main shrine is square in plan which
rises up in a pyramidal shape. The
tower has many levels rising. The pillar
Inner court showing the passage with 58 sub- animal shapes (lions on the base which
shrines. features the Pallava style.
BRIHADEESWARA TEMPLE
THANJAVUR
 BRIHDESHWARAR TEMPLE

 Brihdeshwarar temple is a Hindu temple

dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur in the
Indian state of Tamil Nadu – Chola period

 Also known as Raja Rajeswara Temple.

It is one of the example of Tamil architecture during
Chola period.

 This temple is the first building fully built by

 The vimana is 66m high.
granite and finished within 5yrs.
 There is a big statue of Nandi
 The complex can be entered either on one axis
(sacred bull), carved out of a
through a five-story gopuram.
single rock, at the entrance
 The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, measuring about 16 feet long and
13 feet high.
smaller than the vimana and the main temple is in
the center.

 Has a Nandi, a pillared hall and an assembly hall

mandapas, and many sub-shrines.
LAYOUT PLAN
PLAN
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
DETAILS
ELEVATION
VIEWS
EXTERIOR
VIEW
Gangaikondacholapuram Temple

Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

Built by: Rajendra Chola
Built in: 11th century
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Significance: Biggest Shivalingam in South India

 The temple stands next to the famous

Brihadisvara temple and is regarded as the
reproduction of Brihadisvara Temple that
was built by Rajaraja Chola, father of
Rajendra Chola.

 The temple was made to outshine the temple

made by the father.

 The temple boasts of a 9 storey vimanam

that extends to the height of 185 feet, facing
the east direction.

 Not less than 54.86m in height, the temple

structure follows the style of Brihadisvara
Temple
 Plan of Gangaikonda Cholapuram

Fig 1) Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple

Gopuram and statues

Fig 2) Stone sculpture of

Fig 3) Nandhi
saraswathi at the temple
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
•No structural innovativeness
•Based on centre of gravity
•Mass supporting mass
•Repetition
• No mortar- dry order
•Method of quarrying-
• groove drawn
• hole driven
• wooden peg inserted
• on pouring water wood expands
• stone breaks free
•facing was hammer dressed
•offsite fabrication was always carried out
•assembling at site after preparation of each block at quarry
•To enable this accurate measurements are needed
•Sometimes models are prepared initially