L7-Basic Illumination

Course Outcome
 At the end of the lecture, the student will

be able to :
a) Explain the various term in illumination
b) Describe the rules of illumination
c) Calculate the effect of height to the
illumination
d) Relate the diagram with suitable
formular
Artificial Lighting Sources
 Categorized by the technology used to
produce the light.
 The five most common light sources
are as follows:
◦ Incandescent lamp.
◦ Compact fluorescent lamp.
◦ Fluorescent tube.
◦ Discharge lamps.
◦ Light Emitting Diode (LED).
Lighting and illumination
 Defination of terms
a) Luminous Intensity, symbol : I, unit: Candella
(cd) this is a measure of the power of a light
source and is sometimes reffered to as
brightness.
b) Luminous flux, symbol: F, unit: Lumen (lm).
This is a measure of the flow or amount of
light emitted from a source
Iluminance; symbol:E, unit: Lux (lx) or lumen/m2.
This is a measure of the amount of light falling on a
surface. It is also referred to as illumination.
Luminous efficacy, symbol : K, unit : lumen per watt
(lm/w). This is the ratio of luminous flux to electrical
power input. It could be thought of as the efficiency
of the light source.
Maintenance Factor (MF): no units. In order to allow
for the collection of dirt on a lamp and also ageing
both of which cause loss of light, a maintenance
factor is used
Example 1
A new 80W florescent lamp with a lumen output
of 5700 lm. After about 3 or 4 months this
output would have fallen and settled at around
5200lm.
Hence the output has decrease by

5200/5700 = 0.9
Where 0.9 is the maintenance factor and this value
should not fall below 0.8. this is ensure by
regular clearing the lamps.
Coefficient of cetilization (Cu): no unit. The
amount of useful light reading a working plane
will depend on the lamp output, the reflectors
and/or diffusers used, position of lamp, colour
of wall and ceiling etc. the designer normally
combine all these considerations and
determine a figure to used in his/her lighting
calculation
Types of Light Fixtures According to
Lamp Type
Efficacy, Life, Lumen Depreciation
◦ All of these have an effect on life cycle cost. If a lamp's lumen output declines rapidly during its life, the prudent designer initially provides more lumens than is required so that as the lamp declines with age, a
sufficient amount of light is still available.
◦ Comparing the rate of lumen depreciation from one type of lamp to the next thus becomes an important part of the cost analysis.

2. Amount of Diffusion Desired
It is sometimes desirable to have diffuse light rather than highly directional light since the latter may cause harsh shadows. An area source or a linear source (such as a fluorescent lamp) generates more
diffuse light and softer shadows than a point source.

3. Controllability
Some lamps are more easily dimmed than others. One must consider if simple on/off control is acceptable, if inexpensive dimming is desired, or if it is reasonable to incur the larger expenditures to get
higher quality dimming.

4. Color Rendition
One of the key areas of concern for the architect, interior designer and lighting engineer is the lighted appearance of the space. Most light sources are available in a variety of spectral power distributions,
yielding a variety of color-rendering indices (CRI) and color temperatures. The lighting designer must be thoroughly familiar with these concepts in order to properly achieve the desired effect with the
chosen lamps.

5. Distribution Control
Light distribution from a small lamp can be controlled more easily than light emitted from a large lamp. This is simply because it is easier to shape a reflector around a small lamp than a large one. Some
lamps are as small as 10 mm in length, and others are as large as 1 m long. The pattern of light from the former can be controlled very precisely whereas the best we can hope to do with the latter is to
throw light in one general direction or another. We idealize a small light source with the concept of a "point source." The smaller the light-emitting element of a lamp, the more closely it resembles the
ideal of a mathematical point source.

6. Air Conditioning Load
All artificial lighting adds an additional heat load to a building. Lamps with a higher efficacy will put less heat into a space for a given amount of light output. The most thermally efficient form of
lighting is diffuse daylight, followed by direct sunlight, low-pressure then high-pressure gaseous discharge. The worst of all is incandescent lamps.

7. Consistency and Reliability of Supply Voltage
High-pressure gaseous discharge lamps are more sensitive to voltage variation than low-pressure lamps. If the arc is extinguished due to a dip in voltage, the high-pressure lamp may require up to 15
minutes to return to full light output.

8. Ambient Temperature and Humidity
Some lamps, notably fluorescents, are very sensitive to temperature and humidity. These lamps are difficult to start when the ambient temperature is low, and once started may not produce full light
output.

9. Cost
Some lamps are quite cheap to purchase, initially. However, these tend to have low efficacy and relatively short lives. One must consider not only the initial cost, but the cost to operate the system over
its entire life, including energy costs and the requirement to pay a worker to change the burned-out lamps frequently. Fluorescent lights and LEDs are often a cost improvement on incandescents for this
reason alone, even without energy savings.
Types of Light Fixtures According to
Lamp Type
Calculation of light requirement
Light
source Same
angle
d
Illuminance E (lux) = Luminous intensity (cd)/d2
Light E = I/d2
source
Ө d
h
Illuminance E (lux) = Luminous intensity (cd)/d2

x
y
Example 2
A light source of 900 candelas is situated
3 m above a working surface
a) Calculate the illuminance directly below
the source
b) What would be the illuminance if the
lamp were moved to a position 4 m from
the surface
Solution 900 candelas
a)
3m E = I/d2
=
900/32
= 100 lx
900 candelas
b)
E = I/d2
4m
=
900/42
= 56.25 lx
Calculation
Light
of cosine rules
source
Ex = I x cos3Ө/d2
Ө Example 3 :
h A 250 W sodium-vapour street lamp emit a
d
light of 22500 cd and is situated 5m above
the road. Calculate the illuminance
x y a) Directly below the lamp

b) At a horizontal distance along the road of
6m
Solution:
a) Ea = I/d2 = 22500/25 = 900 lx
5m
b) Ex = I x cos3Ө/d2 = 236 lx note: tan-1 6/5 =50.2o

6m
Example 4
A work area at beach level is to be
illuminated to a value of 300 lx, using 85
w single fluorescent fittings having an
efficicacy of 80 lumens/watt. The work
area is 10m x 8m, the M.F is 0.8 and the
Cu is 0.6. Calculate the number of fitting
required.
Solution
Total lumen (F) required = E (lx) x area/ MF x Cu
F = 300 x 10 x 8/0.8 x 0.6
= 50 000lm
Since the efficacy is 80 lm/w
Total power required = 50000/80
= 625 W
As each lamp is 85 W
Number of lamps = 625/85
= 8 lamps
Additional handout-pdf
1. https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit
/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLe
vels_outdoor+indoor.pdf
2. http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Buildi
ng%20Science;%20Concepts%20and
%20Application/Chapter
%208%20%20Artificial
%20Lighting.pdf

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Course Outcome

 At the end of the lecture, the student will

Hence the output has decrease by

Illuminance E (lux) = Luminous intensity (cd)/d2

Illuminance E (lux) = Luminous intensity (cd)/d2

x y a) Directly below the lamp

b) Ex = I x cos3Ө/d2 = 236 lx note: tan-1 6/5 =50.2o

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