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    CLARIFICATION

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    Nimrah Mughal
    Clarification involves removing solids from liquids or liquids from other liquids using filtration, centrifugation, or sublimation where solids do not exceed 1%. Two aspects of clarification theory are the flow of fluids through porous media according to permeability and pressure equations, and the retention of particles in depth filters where efficiency decreases with flow rate and increases with particle size and density. Clarification coefficients and concentrations can also mathematically model changes in filtrate quality over time and depth.

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    CLARIFICATION

    Uploaded by

    Nimrah Mughal
    162 views8 pages
    Clarification involves removing solids from liquids or liquids from other liquids using filtration, centrifugation, or sublimation where solids do not exceed 1%. Two aspects of clarification theory are the flow of fluids through porous media according to permeability and pressure equations, and the retention of particles in depth filters where efficiency decreases with flow rate and increases with particle size and density. Clarification coefficients and concentrations can also mathematically model changes in filtrate quality over time and depth.

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    Clarification involves removing solids from liquids or liquids from other liquids using filtration, centrifugation, or sublimation where solids do not exceed 1%. Two aspects of clarification theory are the flow of fluids through porous media according to permeability and pressure equations, and the retention of particles in depth filters where efficiency decreases with flow rate and increases with particle size and density. Clarification coefficients and concentrations can also mathematically model changes in filtrate quality over time and depth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    162 views8 pages

    CLARIFICATION

    Uploaded by

    Nimrah Mughal
    Clarification involves removing solids from liquids or liquids from other liquids using filtration, centrifugation, or sublimation where solids do not exceed 1%. Two aspects of clarification theory are the flow of fluids through porous media according to permeability and pressure equations, and the retention of particles in depth filters where efficiency decreases with flow rate and increases with particle size and density. Clarification coefficients and concentrations can also mathematically model changes in filtrate quality over time and depth.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    CLARIFICATION

    “Clarification is a term used to describe processes that


    involve in the removal or separation of a solid from a
    fluid , or a fluid from another fluid(liquid and gasses).”
    OR

    “The term clarification is applied when the solids do not


    exceed 1.0% and filtrate is the primary product.”
     Clarification can achieved by either filtration or
    centrifugation or sublimation.
    The theories of clarification

    Two aspects of clarification theory must be considered.

     The first describes the flow of fluids through porous


    media .

     The second which is of primary importance only in


    clarification ,examines the retention of particles in a
    depth filter .
    1.Flow of fluids through porous media
    The concept of a channel with a hydraulic diameter equivalent to
    the complex interstitial network that exists in a powder bed leads
    to the equation .

    Q=volumetric flow rate


    A=area of the bed
    L=the thickness of the bed
    P=the pressure difference across the bed
    n=the viscosity of the fluid
    K=permeability co-efficient
    2.The Retention of Particles in a Depth filter

     Theoretical studies of particle retention have been


    restricted to granular media of a type used in the
    purification of municipal water.
     The aim is to predict the variation of filtrate quality
    with influent quality or time and then estimate the
    effect of removed solids on the permeability of the
    bed .
     Such studies have some bearing on the use of
    granular, sintered, or fibrous beds used for clarifying
    pharmaceuticals.
     The efficiency of a filter decreases as the flow rate
    increases and the efficiency increases as the
    density or size of the influent particles increases
    and decreases as the particle size in the bed dec.
    Mathematically expressed ,
    DC = KC
    dx
    C= concentration of the particles
    dx= element of depth
    K= clarifying coefficient
    REFERENCE

    book…
    1. LACHMAN LEON, The theory and Practice
    of industrial pharmacy , 3rd Edition , pg:146
    2. AULTON M.E , Pharmaceutics The Science
    of Dosage Form Design , 2nd Edition , pg:323
    3. J.HICKEY ANTHONY , Pharmaceutical Process
    Engineering , 2nd Edition , pg:118,120

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