5-OTC000601 OptiX WDM Network Design Basics ISSUE1.01

OptiX WDM Network
Design Basics
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe WDM network topologies and system applications.
 List the main factors considered in WDM network design.
 Know the working principle of Coherent Technology.
 Outline the basic designing procedure of WDM network.

Page3
Contents
1. WDM Network Overview
2. WDM Network Designing Factors
3. Coherent Technology
4. WDM Network Designing Process Overview

Page4
Contents
1.1 WDM Network Element
1.2 Signal Flow

Page5
WDM Network Element
 The OptiX WDM NE can be configured as four types:
 Optical Terminal Multiplexer (OTM)
 Optical Line Amplifier (OLA)
 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
 Fixed optical add or drop multiplexer (FOADM)
 Reconfigurable optical add or drop multiplexer (ROADM)
 Regenerator (REG)

Page6
WDM Network Element(Cont.)
FOADM
60
km dB 16 k m
0 .5
6 .5 dB
16
60 km
16.5 dB
FOADM ROADM OTM
60
16 k m
0 k m dB
.5 6 .5
dB
16
OLA

Page7
Signal Flow
 OTM (40-wavelength):
OTU
M
O
4
M OA
OTU 0
F
SC1 I
U
OTU
M
O
4
D OA
OTU 0
DC
M

Page8
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 OLA:
DC
M
OA
F F
I SC2 I
U U
OA
DC
M

Page9
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 FOADM: (Serial FOADM)
T
OA OA
F F
OADM OADM
(West) (East)
OA OA
I I
O O O O
U T T T T U
U U U U
SC2

Page10
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 FOADM: (Parallel FOADM)
0
4
O M
O
OA 4 OA
M
D M
F 0
F
I
0 I
M
O
U
4O
OA 4
D OA U
MM
0
O O O O
T T T T
U U U U
SC2

Page11
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 ROADM: (WSMD4+WSMD4)
SC2
OA OA
F F
WSMD4 WSMD4
I I
(West) (East)
U U
OA OA
M
M
M
OM OM
M
OD OD
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
O O O O O O O O
T T T T T T T T
U U U U U U U U

Page12
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 ROADM: (RDU9+WSM9, 2degrees)
O O O O O O O O
T T T T T T T T
U U U U U U U U
… … …
MR4 MR4 … MR4
F OA RDU9 WSM9 OA F
I I
U OA WSM9 RDU9 OA U
MR4 MR4 MR4

… … … …
O O O O O O O O
T T T T T T T T
U U U U U U U U

Page13
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 ROADM: (RDU9+WSM9, 4 degrees)
DC DC
M
M


FIU
FIU
DC DC
M       M
OSC

DC DC

M M
 
FIU
FIU
DC DC
M    M
  
OSC


Page14
Page14
Signal Flow(Cont.)
 REG:
0 OTU
4
O M
O
OA 4 OA
M
D M
OTU 0
F F
0 OTU
I M
O I
4O OA
OA 4
D
MM
0
OTU
U U
SC2
 Note: Signals are regenerated through the regenerating OTU.

Page15
Questions
 How many NE types does WDM system offer?
 Which NE types are configured in your WDM network. What are

the features of them?

Page16
Contents

Page17
Key Factors in WDM Network
Designing
WDM Networking
Key Factors in Networking
Optical Powe Dispersion OSNR DHD JGDJ

Nonlinearity
r DJ

Page18
Basic Concept
 OTS (Optical transmission section)
 OMS (Optical Multiplexing Section)
 OCh (Optical Channel)
OTU OTU
O
M M
O
OA OA OA
M
4 4
D
OTU OTS OTS 0 OTU
0
OMS
OCh

Page19
Contents
2.1 Power Budget (Attenuation)
2.2 Dispersion
2.3 OSNR
2.4 Nonlinearity

Page20
Power Budget (Attenuation)
 Fiber loss (dB) = Pout (dBm) - Pin (dBm) = L (km) x a (dB/km)
 a: attenuation coefficient
 G.652 and G.655 fibers at 1550nm window: a = 0.22dB/km
S R
Pout L Pin
Site A Site B

Page21
Dispersion
 Two types of dispersion:
 Chromatic dispersion
 Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)

Page22
Dispersion(Cont.)
 Chromatic dispersion:
Power
Optical pulses
Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)
Time

Page23
Dispersion(Cont.)
 Chromatic dispersion (ps/nm) = L (km) x chromatic dispersion
coefficient (ps/nm.km)
 G.652 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 17ps/nm.km
 G.655 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 4.5ps/nm.km
 Chromatic dispersion is of main concern in real engineering.
 Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM) is used to compensate
chromatic dispersion.
OMS
L (km)
Site A Site B

Page24
Dispersion(Cont.)
 Polarization mode dispersion (PMD):
Fast in Fast in
propagation propagation
Direction of
propagation
(fiber)
Slow in
propagation
Slow in
propagation Delay time
Detector
power Signal response
Time

Page25
Dispersion(Cont.)
 DGD (ps) = L(km) x PMD coefficient (ps/km1/2)
 DGD: Differential Group Delay
Signal DGD (@0.5ps/km1/2) (@0.2ps/km1/2) (@0.08ps/km1/2)

Rate Tolerance Transmission Transmission Transmission
(Gb/s) (ps) Distance (km) Distance (km) Distance (km)
2.5 40 6400 40000 250000
10 10 400 2500 15625
40 2.5 25 156.25 976
 Case: 10ps = ( km)1/2 x 0.2ps/km1/2

 For the systems at the rate lower than 10Gb/s, the influence of the PMD is not as
obvious as that of the chromatic dispersion.

Page26
Dispersion(Cont.)
DGD (A~D) = DGDOTS1  DGDOTS 2  DGDOTS 3
2 2 2

OTS1 OTS2 OTS3
Node A Node B Node C Node D

Page27
OSNR
Psignal (mW )
 OSNR (dB) = 10 x log = Psignal (dBm) - Pnoise (dBm)
Pnoise (mW )
 OSNR: Optical Signal to Noise Ratio

 ASE: Amplified Spontaneous Emission
 NF: Noise Figure

Page28
OSNR(Cont.)
OTU OTU
M
M M
D
4 OA OA OA OA OA OA 4
0 OTS 1 OTS 2 OTS 3 OTS 4 OTS 5 0
OTU OTU
Power
(dBm) Psignal
Pnoise (ASE)
L (km)
OSNR
(dB)
L (km)

Page29
Nonlinearity
 SRS: Stimulated Raman Scattering
 SBS: Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
 FWM: Four-Wave Mixing
 SPM: Self-Phase Modulation
 XPM: Cross-Phase Modulation

Page30
Nonlinearity(Cont.)
 How to reduce non-linearity?
 Use high-performance fiber.
 Control the optical power.
 Dispersion management.
 Advanced laser source technology.

Page31
Questions
 What are the key factors in the WDM network designing?
 Why does OSNR decrease in the WDM system?

Page32
Contents

Page33
PDM Modulation Technology
1. Photons in an optical signal move in oscillation directions that are perpendicular to the
transmission direction.
Photon oscillat
ion direction
Signal transmissi
on direction
2. Using a polarization beam splitter, laser light is split into two optical signals carried on two
directions (X and Y directions) perpendicular to each other.
• Optical signals in other oscillation directions are filtered out.
• The X and Y directions (X-pol and Y-pol for short) are the polarizations of light.

Page34
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) Modulation Technology
28 Gbaud/s
I Signal Inpu Signal Output Phas
Pre- t e
Data coder Cosωt
I Q θ
+ s(t) 0 0 π/4
Optical signal on
the X-pol Σ = I x Cosωt – Q x Sinωt = √2 Cos (ωt + θ) 0 1 3π/4
-
π/2
1 1 5π/4
28 Gbaud/s Pre- Sinωt
Data coder Q 1 0 7π/4
Schematic representation of the mapping

Code st relationship (constellation diagram)
ream Q
01 00
θ
I
I
11 10
Q
A constellation diagram shows the distr
ibution of signal vectors. Because a co
nstellation diagram can fully and clear
ly depict the signal mapping relationsh
QPSK ip for digital modulation, digital modu
lation is also called constellation mod
ulation.

Page35
Coherent Detection
 A coherent light consists of two light waves that satisfy the following coherent
conditions in the area where they meet:
(1) They have the same oscillation direction.
(2) They have the same oscillation frequency.
(3) They have the same phase or maintain a constant phase relationship with each oth
er. Two coherent light waves produce interference within the area where they meet
.
 How to implement coherence detection in 100G transmission?

In the 100G coherent scheme, the receive end uses the laser that has the same cen
ter wavelength (same frequency) as the laser at the transmit end. The receive end
uses the same phase as the transmit end by means of circuit synchronization, form
ing coherent conditions.
 Why coherent detection is used?

Coherent conditions facilitate restoration of signals that experience phase modul
ation.

Page36
FEC Technology
 FEC technology
 Early FEC schemes use the hard-decision method, in which the FE
C decoder determines the value of a received binary sequence as
0 or 1. The defect of hard-decision is that the bit error stati
stics of channels in the received signals are not considered.
 Driven by the industrial applications of the 100G coherent PDM-
QPSK technology and rapid development of the integrated circuit
(IC) technology, the third-generation FEC based on software dec
ision was introduced. The soft-decision codes yield a coding ga
in 2 dB higher than the hard-decision codes.

Page37
Working Principle of 100G Coherent
ePDM-QPSK
PDM-QPSK transmitter Tx Rx Coherent receiver
LH transmission (fiber) 7
3 4
1 6
2 5
1. The polarization beam splitter splits the laser light into two polarizations (X-pol and
Y-pol)Photon
that are perpendicular to each other.
polarizations
Split
Polarization signal
Optical signal on the X-pol
T ransmission Split
direction Polarization signal
on the X-pol
1. Laser signal (electromagnetic wave) 2. Traverse the polarization 3. Signals on the X-pol and
beam splitter Y-pol after being split

Page38
ePDM-QPSK(Cont.)
3 4
1 6
2 5
2. Performs QPSK modulation for the optical signal on the x-pol and that on the y-pol.
The 100G signal
is converted into
four 28 Gbit/s signals after 0011… 01 00
the serial-parallel conversion. 0110… Phase
112 Gbit/s ÷ 4 = 28 Gbit/s π/4 3π/4 5π/4 7π/4

00 01 11 10 11 10
Quadrature mod
ulation after the
Different code streams have Usually, a constellation
0011010011011001… phase is shifted
1110… by 90o different phases. Diagram is used to
(112 Gbit/s) For example, the phase 0 signal demonstrate the QPSK
1101… y-pol is selected for 00, and the π/2 modulation.
phase signal is selected for 01. π = 180o
The modulation technique uses
four phases in total and therefore
is called QPSK modulation.

Page39
ePDM-QPSK(Cont.)
3 4
1 6
2 5
3. The polarization beam combiner combines the modulated signal on the X-pol and
that on the Y-pol onto the same fiber.
QPSK-modulated signal
on the X-pol
QPSK-modulated signal
on the Y-pol

Page40
ePDM-QPSK(Cont.)
3 4
1 6
2 5
4. At the receive end, the received signal light is divided into two. One is allocated to the
x-pol and the other to the y-pol.
Split
polarization signal
on the x-pol
Split
polarization signal
on the y-pol

Page41
ePDM-QPSK(Cont.)
3 4
1 6
2 5
5. The coherent receiver converts the optical signals on the x-pol and y-pol into current
or voltage signals. Q demodulation I.
2.
Received optical signal
2 4 5 on the x-pol
3 Integral =I
s(t) = √2 Cos (ωt + θ)
Integral sinωtdt = - Q
1 Cosωt π/2
Sinωt
3.
Local laser optical signal
on the x-pol 5 Processed by the ADC and DSP
4
The LO laser at the receive end uses the PLL
technique to produce an optical signal that has the
same frequency and phase as the laser at the Coherent detection, demodulation
transmit end for interference.
In this manner, signals carried on the x-po
l and y-pol are separated.

Page42
ePDM-QPSK(Cont.)
3 4
1 6
2 5
6. The high-precision ADC converts current/voltage signals into 0101…digital code

streams.
Huawei's 100G coherent solution uses high-performance ADC modules, which ensure samp
ling accuracy of 56G Sample/s. Therefore, Huawei's 100G coherent solution supports
transmission of 100G services over a single wavelength (the sampling bandwidth mus
t be >= 2 x signal bandwidth, and the PDM-QPSK modulated signal rate must be 28 Gb
aud/s). However, the DC-DP-QPSK scheme, which is used by the industry, uses dual s
ub-carriers and the ADC module in this scheme can only ensure sampling accuracy of
28G Sample/s.

Page43
ePDM-QPSK(Cont.)
3 4
1 6
2 5
7. The DSP high-speed digital processing technique eliminates dispersion, noise, and
nonlinear effects and restores the 100G signals from the transmitter.
In the previous steps, components for PDM-QPSK modulation and coherent detection ar
e purchased components. Components provided by different suppliers of the same l
evel have similar performance. The system performance depends on the DSP in this
step because different equipment manufacturers use their own patented algorithms
.
However, it is difficult to directly describe the performance of various algorithms
using languages or images.
The performance can be measured by means of experiments and testing.

Page44
Questions
 Please describe working principle of 100G Coherent ePDM-
QPSK.

Page45
Contents

Page46
Minimum Information Required for
WDM Design
 System Capacity:
 Initial capacity, final capacity, maximum capacity that can be expanded in the
future without traffic interruption.
 Service requirement:
 2.5Gb/s, 10Gb/s o,40Gb/s or 100Gb/s network
 Traffic matrix and protection mode
 Fiber Type:
 G.652, G.655, G.653
 Fiber length for each span and attenuation principle
 Site types (OTM, FOADM, ROADM, OLA)
 Other requirements and limits
 Note: The information must be provided when we make network design.

Page47
Main Designing Process of WDM
Network
 Input: Fiber specification
Traffic Topology
(Attenuation / dispersion)
Confirm OMS
Site Type and Location
(OTM / FOADM / MUX / DEMUX & DCM
ROADM / OLA / REG)
 Designing: Amplifier
Adjust OLA or
add REG
N
OSNR Ok?
Y
 Output: Network Diagram / Rack layout

Page48
Questions
 Please list the major process of WDM network designing.
 Which information should be collected before networking

designing?

Page49
Summary
 WDM Network Overview
 WDM Network Designing Factors
 Coherent Technology
 WDM Network Designing Process Overview

Page50
Glossary
 ASE: Amplified Spontaneous Emission
 CD: Chromatic Dispersion
 DCM: Dispersion Compensation Module
 DGD: Differential Group Delay
 FOADM: Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
 FWM: Four-Wave Mixing
 LU: Line Unit
 NF: Noise Figure
 XPM: Cross-Phase Modulation

Page51
Thank you
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OptiX WDM Network

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. WDM Network Designing Factors

4. WDM Network Designing Process Overview

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

1.2 Signal Flow

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MR4 MR4 MR4

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Note: Signals are regenerated through the regenerating OTU.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Which NE types are configured in your WDM network. What are

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. WDM Network Designing Factors

4. WDM Network Designing Process Overview

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Key Factors in Networking

Optical Powe Dispersion OSNR DHD JGDJ

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Signal DGD (@0.5ps/km1/2) (@0.2ps/km1/2) (@0.08ps/km1/2)

2.5 40 6400 40000 250000

10 10 400 2500 15625

40 2.5 25 156.25 976

 Case: 10ps = ( km)1/2 x 0.2ps/km1/2

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

OTS1 OTS2 OTS3

Node A Node B Node C Node D

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 OSNR: Optical Signal to Noise Ratio

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Why does OSNR decrease in the WDM system?

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. WDM Network Designing Factors

4. WDM Network Designing Process Overview

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Schematic representation of the mapping

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 How to implement coherence detection in 100G transmission?

 Why coherent detection is used?

Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.