Session 1

Internet Basics
This lesson includes the following sections:

• History of Internet
• How the Internet Works
• Major Features of the Internet
• Online Services
• Internet Features in Application Programs
The Internet: Evolution
• The Internet was created by the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of
Defense for scientific and military communications.
• The Internet is a network of interconnected networks.
Even if part of its infrastructure was destroyed, data
could flow through the remaining networks.
• The Internet uses high-speed data lines, called
backbones, to carry data. Smaller networks connect to
the backbone, enabling any user on any network to
exchange data with any other user.
• ARPANET, NSFnet, Internet
• Internetworking: the process of connecting separate
networks
How the Internet Works
• TCP/IP
• Routing Traffic Across the Internet
• Addressing Schemes
• Domains and Subdomains

How the Internet Works - TCP/IP
• Every computer and network on the Internet uses

the same protocols (rules and procedures) to control
timing and data format.
• The protocol used by the Internet is the

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,
or TCP/IP.
• No matter what type of computer system you

connect to the Internet, if it uses TCP/IP, it can
exchange data with any other type of computer.
How the Internet Works -
Routing Traffic Across the Internet
• Most computers don't connect directly to the Internet.
Instead, they connect to a smaller network that is
connected to the Internet backbone.
• The Internet includes thousands of host computers

(servers), which provide data and services as
requested by client systems.
• When you use the Internet, your PC (a client)

requests data from a host system. The request and
data are broken into packets and travel across
multiple networks before being reassembled at their
destination.
The Operation of the Internet
• Packets of information flow between machines governed by
common rules (protocols):
– Internet protocol (IP)
– Transport control protocol (TCP)
• Internet is a packet-switching network
– Messages are decomposed into packets, containing part of the
message, plus information on the sending and receiving machines
and how the packet relates to the other packets
– Packets travel independently and possibly on different routes
through the Internet
– Packets are reassembled into the message at the receiving machine.
How internet works through protocol
stacks
• Layered architecture
each layer is an abstraction that
assumes the functionality of the
layer underneath
files
unencrypted
streams
buffers
packets
frames
bytes
drivers,
bits
network card
Addressing Schemes
• In order to communicate across the Internet, a

computer must have a unique address.
• Every computer on the Internet has a unique

numeric identifier, called an Internet Protocol (IP)
address.
• Each IP address has four parts – each part a number

between 0 and 255. An IP address might look like
this: 205.46.117.104.
Where to Begin? Internet
Addresses
• Because the Internet is a global network of computers each

computer connected to the Internet must have a unique
address. Internet addresses are in the
form nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn must be a number from
0 - 255. This address is known as an IP address. (IP stands
for Internet Protocol)
• The picture below illustrates two computers connected to
the Internet; your computer with IP address 1.2.3.4 and
another computer with IP address 5.6.7.8. The Internet is
represented as an abstract object in-between.
• If you connect to the Internet through an Internet Service
Provider (ISP), you are usually assigned a temporary IP
address for the duration of your dial-in session.
• If you connect to the Internet from a local area network
(LAN) your computer might have a permanent IP address
or it might obtain a temporary one from a DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.
• In any case, if you are connected to the Internet, your
computer has a unique IP address.
Protocol Stacks and Packets
So your computer is connected to the Internet and has a unique address.
How does it 'talk' to other computers connected to the Internet? An
example should serve here: Let's say your IP address is 1.2.3.4 and
you want to send a message to the computer 5.6.7.8. The message you
want to send is "Hello computer 5.6.7.8!". Obviously, the message
must be transmitted over whatever kind of wire connects your
computer to the Internet. Let's say you've dialed into your ISP from
home and the message must be transmitted over the phone line.
Therefore the message must be translated from alphabetic text into
electronic signals, transmitted over the Internet, then translated back
into alphabetic text. How is this accomplished? Through the use of
a protocol stack. Every computer needs one to communicate on the
Internet and it is usually built into the computer's operating system
(i.e. Windows, Unix, etc.). The protocol stack used on the Internet is
referred to as the TCP/IP protocol stack because of the two major
communication protocols used. The TCP/IP stack looks like this:
Protocol LayerComments
LayerProtocols specific to applications such as WWW, e-mail,
Application Protocols FTP, etc.
TCP directs packets to a specific application on a computer
Transmission Control using a port number.
Protocol Layer
IP directs packets to a specific computer using an IP address.
Internet Protocol Layer
Converts binary packet data to network signals and back.
Hardware Layer (E.g. ethernet network card, modem for phone lines, etc.)
Domains and Subdomains
• In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or

servers have a Domain Name System (DNS) address,
which uses words.
• A domain name identifies the type of institution that

owns the computer. An Internet server owned by IBM
might have the domain name ibm.com.
• Some enterprises have multiple servers, and identify

them with subdomains, such as products.ibm.com.
Major Features of the Internet
• The World Wide Web
• E-Mail
• News
• Telnet
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

Major Features of the Internet -
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet, which

supports hypertext documents, allowing users to view
and navigate different types of data.
• A Web page is a document encoded with hypertext

markup language (HTML) tags.
• HTML allows designers to link content together via

hyperlinks.
• Every Web page has an address, a Uniform Resource

Locator (URL).
Thisaddress
This addressisisfor
foran
an
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Internet serverthat
thatuses
uses Thissite
This sitebelongs
belongsto
toaa
Thehypertext
The hypertexttransfer
transferprotocol.
protocol. companynamed
company namedGlencoe.
Glencoe.
Thissite
This siteisison
onthe
thepart
part Tofind
To findthe
thespecific
specificWeb
Webpages
pages
ofthe
of theInternet
Internetknown
known thataccompany
that accompanythisthisbook,
book,your
your
asthe
as theWorld
WorldWide
WideWeb.
Web. browserfollows
browser followsthe
theURL’s
URL’spath
path
toaafolder
to foldernamed
named“norton,”
“norton,”then
then
toaasubfolder
to subfoldernamed
named“online.”
“online.”
Major Features of the Internet - E-Mail
• Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason

people use the Internet.
• To create, send, and receive e-mail messages, you need

an e-mail program and an account on an Internet mail
server with a domain name.
• To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address,

which you create by adding your user name to the
e-mail server's domain name, as in jsmith@aol.com.

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Internet Basics

This lesson includes the following sections:

• Routing Traffic Across the Internet

• Domains and Subdomains

• Every computer and network on the Internet uses

• The protocol used by the Internet is the

• No matter what type of computer system you

• The Internet includes thousands of host computers

• When you use the Internet, your PC (a client)

• In order to communicate across the Internet, a

• Every computer on the Internet has a unique

• Each IP address has four parts – each part a number

• Because the Internet is a global network of computers each

• In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or

• A domain name identifies the type of institution that

• Some enterprises have multiple servers, and identify

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

• The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet, which

• A Web page is a document encoded with hypertext

• HTML allows designers to link content together via

• Every Web page has an address, a Uniform Resource

• Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason

• To create, send, and receive e-mail messages, you need

• To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address,

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