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Haskell: Programming Language

Haskell is a purely functional programming language that is memory managed, typeful with static strong typing, and emphasizes pure functions. It has advantages for concurrency due to all non-I/O code being concurrent by default and readability through syntax like omitting parentheses. Haskell uses modules for namespaces and has a robust type system including built-in, synonym, and data types as well as type classes and instances. It supports various datatypes like enums, generics, records. Example programs demonstrate basic I/O and parsing. Parsec is a parser library for Haskell that includes many combinators. XMonad is a tiling window manager for X11 that is customizable through a config file and has many extensions. Yi is an

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60 views23 pages

Haskell: Programming Language

Haskell is a purely functional programming language that is memory managed, typeful with static strong typing, and emphasizes pure functions. It has advantages for concurrency due to all non-I/O code being concurrent by default and readability through syntax like omitting parentheses. Haskell uses modules for namespaces and has a robust type system including built-in, synonym, and data types as well as type classes and instances. It supports various datatypes like enums, generics, records. Example programs demonstrate basic I/O and parsing. Parsec is a parser library for Haskell that includes many combinators. XMonad is a tiling window manager for X11 that is customizable through a config file and has many extensions. Yi is an

Uploaded by

Zeeshan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Haskell

programming language
Haskell is…

 Memory managed (allocation, collection)


 “Typeful” (static, strong)
– Types are checked at compile-time
– Types cannot be coerced (in general)
 Pure functional programming
– Emphasis on functions
– Referential transparency
– All variables are constant
Haskell - pros & cons

 Concurrency
– The #1 on Language Shootout for threading
– All non-I/O code is concurrent by default
– (mutations are handled as I/O code)
 Readability
– No parentheses or commas
– Higher-order functions reduce lines-of-code
– (no syntax as a reminder of context)
Haskell - namespaces

 Main -- modules (packages)


 main -- value variables (functions)
 True -- value constructors
 a -- type variables (generics)
 Bool -- type constructors
 Eq -- type classes (interfaces)
Haskell - syntax
Derived syntax Core syntax

f x = expr f = \x -> expr -- lambda


(x *) \y -> x * y -- sections
(* y) \x -> x * y -- sections
(*) \x y -> x * y -- sections
x `times` y times x y -- infix func
f $ g $ h x f (g (h x)) -- parens
(f . g . h) x f (g (h x)) -- compose
do a; b; c a >>= b >>= c -- I/O bind
Haskell - type syntax

life = 42 :: Int

life :: Int
life = 42
Haskell - types

“Hello” :: String
length :: [a] -> Int
floor :: Float -> Int
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]

42 :: Int
(+) :: Int -> Int -> Int

42 :: Num a => a
(+) :: Num a => a -> a -> a
Haskell - type system

Int, Word, Float, Double, Char -- built-in types

type String = [Char] -- type synonyms

data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a -- data types

class Eq a where -- type classes


(==), (/=) :: a -> a -> Bool

instance Eq Bool where -- type class instances


True == True = True
False == False = True
_ == _ = False
Haskell - datatypes
data Bool = False | True -- enumerations

data Tree a = Leaf a -- generics


| Branch (Tree a) (Tree a)

data Rect = Rect Int Int Int Int -- unlabeled record

data Rect = Rect { -- labeled record


x, y :: Int,
width :: Int,
height :: Int}
Haskell - example programs
main = return () -- null program

main = putStrLn “Hello World” -- hello world

main = interact id -- UNIX cat

main = interact
-- GNU tac
(unlines . reverse . lines)
-- UNIX echo
main = do
args <- getArgs
case args of
"-n":a -> putStr (unwords a)
a -> putStrLn (unwords a)
version control system
Darcs - overview

 The Theory of Patches


 A “branch” is a set of patches
 “Spontaneous branches”
 Every checkout is a branch
 Every checkout is a repository
Darcs - interactive

 Interactive “pull”
– You chose what patches to download
 Interactive “push”
– You chose what patches to commit externally
 Interactive “record”
– You chose what files to commit locally
Parsec

parser library
Parsec - combinators

many :: Parser a -> Parser [a] -- like regex*


many1 :: Parser a -> Parser [a] -- like regex+
optional :: Parser a -> Parser (Maybe a) -- like regex?

sepBy :: Parser a -> Parser s -> Parser [a] -- ... , ... , ...
sepBy1 :: Parser a -> Parser s -> Parser [a]

endBy :: Parser a -> Parser s -> Parser [a] -- ... ; ... ; ... ;
endBy1 :: Parser a -> Parser s -> Parser [a]

char :: Char -> Parser Char -- c


between :: Parser open -- < ... >
-> Parser close
-> Parser a -> Parser a
Parsec - example parsers

number = many digit

string = between
(char ‘"’)
(char ‘"’)
(many anyChar)

lisp = number
<|> string
<|> identifier
<|> parens $ many $ lexeme lisp
xmonad

X11 window manager


XMonad - overview

 Tilling window manager (like Ratpoison)


 Libraries of extensions and status bars
 Customizable (config file is the app)
 Full keyboard accessibility
XMonad - example config
module Main where

import XMonad
import System.Exit
import qualified XMonad.StackSet as W
import qualified Data.Map as M

myKeys conf@(XConfig {XMonad.modMask = modMask}) = M.fromList $ [


((modMask .|. shiftMask, xK_Return), spawn $ XMonad.terminal conf),
((modMask .|. shiftMask, xK_q ), io (exitWith ExitSuccess))]

myMouseBindings (XConfig {XMonad.modMask = modMask}) = M.fromList $ [


((modMask, button1), (\w -> focus w >> mouseMoveWindow w)),
((modMask, button2), (\w -> focus w >> windows W.swapMaster)),
((modMask, button3), (\w -> focus w >> mouseResizeWindow w))]

defaults = defaultConfig {
keys = myKeys,
mouseBindings = myMouseBindings,
terminal = "xterm"}

main = xmonad defaults


Yi

extensible text editor


Yi - overview

 Extensible
– Fully dynamic application (hs-plugins)
– All state is serialized and reloaded

 Customizable
– yi --as=vim (for vim key bindings)
– yi --as=emacs (for emacs key bindings)
Yi - structure

Taken from <http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~dons/papers/SC05.html>


Haskell

Thank You

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