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    Crystal

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    Shivanand Arwat
    Crystal structure is defined as a lattice of points in space together with a motif that specifies the atoms positioned at each lattice point. A crystal structure is composed of a pattern of atoms organized in a specific geometric arrangement by crystallographic lattice vectors. Common defects in crystal structures include point defects like vacancies and interstitials, line defects like dislocations, and planar defects like grain boundaries and twin boundaries that influence material properties. Plastic deformation in metals occurs primarily through slip, which involves the movement of dislocations along crystallographic slip planes and directions.

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    Crystal

    Uploaded by

    Shivanand Arwat
    31 views58 pages
    Crystal structure is defined as a lattice of points in space together with a motif that specifies the atoms positioned at each lattice point. A crystal structure is composed of a pattern of atoms organized in a specific geometric arrangement by crystallographic lattice vectors. Common defects in crystal structures include point defects like vacancies and interstitials, line defects like dislocations, and planar defects like grain boundaries and twin boundaries that influence material properties. Plastic deformation in metals occurs primarily through slip, which involves the movement of dislocations along crystallographic slip planes and directions.

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    Crystal structure is defined as a lattice of points in space together with a motif that specifies the atoms positioned at each lattice point. A crystal structure is composed of a pattern of atoms organized in a specific geometric arrangement by crystallographic lattice vectors. Common defects in crystal structures include point defects like vacancies and interstitials, line defects like dislocations, and planar defects like grain boundaries and twin boundaries that influence material properties. Plastic deformation in metals occurs primarily through slip, which involves the movement of dislocations along crystallographic slip planes and directions.

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    31 views58 pages

    Crystal

    Uploaded by

    Shivanand Arwat
    Crystal structure is defined as a lattice of points in space together with a motif that specifies the atoms positioned at each lattice point. A crystal structure is composed of a pattern of atoms organized in a specific geometric arrangement by crystallographic lattice vectors. Common defects in crystal structures include point defects like vacancies and interstitials, line defects like dislocations, and planar defects like grain boundaries and twin boundaries that influence material properties. Plastic deformation in metals occurs primarily through slip, which involves the movement of dislocations along crystallographic slip planes and directions.

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    of 58

    Crystal structur

    e
    Outline
    • Lattice
    • Basis
    • Crystal Structure
    – Poly Crystal
    – Single Crystal
    • Unit Cell
    • Cubic Crystal System
    – Simple Cubic(SC) ,
    – Face Centered Cubic(FCC) ,
    – Body Centered Cubic(BCC)
    - The seven crystal system
    - Hexagonal close pack unit cell(HCP)
    -References
    Crystal structure = Lattice + Basis
    Basic Of Crystal Structure
     Lattice:-
    "An infinite periodic array of points in a
    space "
    -The arrangement of points defines the
    lattice symmetry
    -A lattice may be one, two or three
    dimensonal
    Cont…
    Basis(Motif):-
    A group of one or more atoms, located in a
    particular way with respect to each other
    and associated with each point, is known as
    the Motif or Basis.

    Motif     

        

        
        
    Crystal structure
          

      
       
      

          

       

          

          

          
    -so we obtain a crystal structure by adding
    the lattice and basis
    - So we can say that, When an atom or
    identical group of atoms is attached to every
    lattice point, we obtain a crystal structure.
    • Crystals are classified into two
    types
    1. Poly crystal
    2. Single crystal
    • Poly crystal: In this type of crystal
    periodicity is not maintained
    throughout the body.
    • Single crystal: In this type
    of crystal periodicity is
    maintained throughout the
    body.

    Unit cell:- " Atoms or group of atoms forming a building


    block of the smallest acceptable size of the whole volume of
    a crystal is defined as a unit cell ".
    lattice
    point

    Unit Cell Unit cells in 3 dimensions


    -By stacking identical unit cells, the entire lattice can
    be constructed.
    - Lattice points are located at the corner of the unit
    cell and in some cases, at either faces or the centre of
    the unit cell.
    • Here for the cubic crystal system we
    have Simple cubic (SC), Face-centred
    cubic (FCC),and Body-centred
    cubic(BCC).
    Total no. of atom per simple cubic cell
    is 8(1/8) = 1 atom
    Total no. of atom per BCC unit cell
    is 8(1/8)+1 = 2 atom
    Shared by 8 Total no. of atom per FCC unit
    unit cells cell is
    8(1/8)+6(1/2) = 4 atom
    • There are seven unique arrangements
    ,known as crystal systems, which fill in a
    three dimensional space.
    THE 7 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
    1. Cubic Crystals
    a = b= c
     =  =  = 90º

    Fluorite Pyrite
    Octahedron Cube
    2. Tetragonal Crystals
    a=bc
     =  =  = 90º

    Zircon
    3. Orthorhombic Crystals
    abc
     =  =  = 90º

    Topaz
    4. Hexagonal Crystals
    a=bc
     =  = 90º =
    120º

    Corundum
    5. Rhombohedral Crystals
    a=b=c
    ,, 
    90º

    Tourmaline
    6. Monoclinic Crystals
    abc
      90º, ,  = 90º

    Kunzite
    7. Triclinic Crystals
    abc
     

    Amazonite
    Hexagonal structure

    This means that a total of 12(1/6)


    Quartz is the example of + 2(1/2) + 3 = 6 atoms are inside
    hexagonal close pack solid
    the unit cell
    DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS
    INTRODUCTION
    • Crystalline material has a crystal structure in
    which the atoms are positioned in perfect
    ordered pattern which is repetitive over large
    atomic distance.
    • Defects have a profound impact on the
    macroscopic properties of materials.
    • Sometimes defects are deliberately created to
    improve properties of crystal.
    CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS BASED ON DIMENSIONALITY

    0D 1D 2D 3D
    (Point defects) (Line defects) (Surface / Interface) (Volume defects)

    Vacancy Edge Grain Dispersant


    Dislocation boundary
    Precipitate
    Interstitial
    Screw Twin
    Dislocation Inclusion
    Frenkel boundary
    defect
    Voids /
    Stacking Cracks
    Schottky faults
    defect
    POINT DEFECTS
    Point Defects are the irregularities or deviations
    from ideal arrangement around a point or an
    atom in a crystalline substance.
    Vacancy
    Non-ionic
    crystals
    Interstitial
    0D
    (Point defects)
    Frenkel defect
    Ionic
    crystals
    Schottky defect
    VACANCY DEFECT

    Missing atom

     Atom missing from an atomic site


     Occur due to imperfect packing during crystallisation
     This results in decrease in density of the substance
     Number of vacancy defects depend on temperature
    INTERSTITIALS DEFECT

    Interstitial atom

     Addition of an extra atom within a crystal structure


     This defect increases the density of the substance
     Causes atomic distortion
     Vacancy and interstitials are inverse phenomena
    SCHOTTKY DEFECT

     Pair of anion and cation vacancies


     In order to maintain electrical neutrality, the number of missing
    cations and anions are equal
     It also decreases the density of crystal
     E.g. Alkali halides such as NaCl, KF, etc.
    FRENKEL DEFECTS

     Cation (being smaller get displaced to interstitial voids


     Combination of vacancy and interstitial atom
     No change in the density
     E.g. AgI, CaF2
    LINE DEFECTS
    • Line defects are the irregularities or deviations
    from ideal arrangement in entire rows of lattice
    points.

    • Interatomic bonds significantly distorted in


    immediate vicinity of dislocation line.
    • Dislocation affects the mechanical properties.
    EDGE DISLOCATION SCREW DISLOCATION

    • POSITIVE DISLOCATION The lattice/atomic planes


    • NEGATIVE DISLOCATION follow helical or spiral
    along the dislocation line.
    • A dislocation is a line discontinuity in the regular crystal
    structure.

    • Line defects are the irregularities or deviations from ideal


    arrangement in entire rows of lattice point.

    • Dislocation affects the mechanical properties

    • It has three types

    Edge dislocation Burgers vector

    As the dislocation moves, the extra half plane


    will break its existing bonds and form new
    bonds with its neighbor opposite of the Edge
    dislocation motion dislocation
    line
    Screw dislocati
    The
    on spiral stacking of crystal planes leads to the burgers vector being parallel to the dislocation
    line.

    Mixed dislocation

    This dislocation has both edge and screw character with a single Burgers vector
    consistent with the pure edge and pure screw regions.

    Mixed dislocation
    Screw dislocation
    SURFACE DEFECTS
    • Surface defects are associated with boundaries
    that are separate regions of the materials and
    have different crystal structure.
    • Two Dimensional defect.
    • Due to change in orientation of the atomic
    planes and stacking sequence of atomic planes.
    • Caused during solidification or mechanical or
    thermal treatment of material.
    • Effect the mechanical properties, electrical
    resistance and corrosion resistance.
    PLANAR OR SURFAC
    E DEFECTS
    It is a two dimensional defect. Planar defects during mechanical and thermal
    treatments.
    The change may be of the orientation or of the stacking sequence of the planes.

    Planar defects are of the following types:


    •Grain boundaries
    •Tilt boundaries
    •Twin boundaries
    •Stacking faults

    Grain boundaries
    Twin boundaries
    Bulk or Volume Defects

    PERCIPITATES : precipitates, which are a fraction of a micron in size and decorate the
    crystal
    DISPERSANTS :Dispersants, which vary in size from a fraction of a micron to the
    normal grain size (10-100µm), some time they are intentionally introduced into the
    microstructure
    INCLUSIONS : Inclusions vary in size from a few microns to macroscopic dimensions,
    and are relatively large, undesirable particles that entered the system as dirt or formed by
    precipitation
    VOIDS : voids are holes in the solid formed by trapped gases or by the accumulation of
    vacancies.
    Mechanisms of Plastic de
    formation

    Slip and Twining


    Slip Systems
    # Preferred planes for dislocation movement (slip planes)
    Preferred crystallographic directions (slip directions)
    Slip planes + directions (slip systems)

    # More no. of slip systems indicates that material is


    ductile

    # Normally No. of slip systems > 5 termed as


    ductile materials

    # Most of BCC materials are ductile in nature


    Mechanisms of plastic deformation in metals - Slip

    •Two prominent mechanisms of plastic deformation, namely


    slip and twinning .

    •Slip is the prominent mechanism of plastic deformation in


    metals. It involves sliding of blocks of crystal over one
    other along definite crystallographic planes, called slip
    planes.

    •It is analogous to a deck of cards when it is pushed from one


    end. Slip occurs when shear stress applied exceeds a critical
    value.
    Mechanisms of plastic deformation in metals – Twinnin
    g

    Twinning
    •Portion of crystal takes up an orientation that is related to the
    orientation of the rest of the untwined lattice in a definite,
    symmetrical way.

    •The twinned portion of the crystal is a mirror image of the


    parent crystal.

    •The plane of symmetry is called twinning plane.


    Slip in Single Crystals - Resolving the Applied St
    ress onto the Slip System

    # Dislocations move in particular slip system in


    response to shear stresses applied

    # Applied stress is resolved onto the slip systems

    # Resolved shear stress ( R)


    -which is required to produce a plastic
    deformation
    -it result from application of a simple tensile
    stress, 

    # Critical Resolved shear stress ( CRSS)

    # Schmid Law
    Normal to slip
    plane
    Slip direction
    # Area of the slip plane = A / Cos 
    # Load acting on the slip plane = P Cos 

    Resolved Shear stress = P Cos  A / Cos 


    = P / A . Cos  Cos

    Schmid law

    R /  = Cos  Cos   M

    M = Schmid factor
    # Maximum value of ( M = cos cos ) corresponds to
     =  = 45o, M = 0.5,  y = 2  CRSS

    # Slip will occur first in slip systems oriented close to


    this angle ( =  = 45o) w.r.t the applied stress

    # This mainly depends on composition and


    temperature
    Slip in a Single Crystal

    Slip bands
    Deformation by Twinning

    # Whenever slip is not possible

    # Creates a deformed portion grain which is just mirror


    image of the rest of the parent grain
    Twin Types

    # Mechanical twins - BCC and HCP


    Annealing twins - FCC
    #
    Slip Vs Twinning

    Slip Twin
    Orientation across the slip Orientation across the twin
    plane is same plane is different
    Atomic movements are equal Atomic movements are lesser
    to atomic distances than atomic distances
    Atoms are moving in only Atoms are moving in all
    one plane (slip plane) planes in the region of twin
    Takes place in milli seconds Takes place in less than
    micro seconds
    Takes place at low strain Takes place at high strain
    rates rates
    No sound is created A click sound (Tin cry)

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