Evolution of Microprocessor

The first microprocessor designed by Intel

corporation in 1971 which first 4-bit microprocessor.
The name of this microprocessor is 4004.
It was the designed with 2300 transistors.
It was designed by using large scale integration
(LSI) technology.
It has 640 bytes of memory addressing capacity.
The “Jordon Moore” co-founder of Intel
corporation,pridected that the number of transistors
per integrated circuit would be double after every “18
months", this came to known as Moor’s Law.
 Evolution of Microprocessor

• Intel Microprocessor is divided into following groups.

1. 4-bit Microprocessor-4004.
2. 8-bit Microprocessor-8008,8080,8085.
3. 16-bit Microprocessor-8086,8088,80286.
4. 32-bit Microprocessor-
80386,80486,pentium.pentium pro,pentium-
II,pentium-III,pentium-IV
 Evolution of Microprocessor
Intel Year of No. of Initial Address Data Addressable Other No of Bit
M.processor introducing transistor clock BUS BUS Memory Companies M.processor
speed (Word Processor
length)

4004 1971 2,300 108 10 Bit 4 Bit 640 bytes Rockwell 4-Bit
KHz International M.processor
PPS-4-bit MP

8008 1972 3,500 200 14 Bit 8 Bit 16 Kbytes Zilog’s (Z- 8-Bit
KHz 80, M.processor
Z-800)
8080 1972 6000 2 MHz 16 Bit 8 Bit 64 Kbytes Motorola’s
(6800,6809)

8085 1976 6,500 5 MHz 16 Bit 8 Bit 64 Kbytes

 Evolution of Microprocessor
Intel Year of No. of Initial Address Data Addressable Other No of Bit
M.processor introducing transistor clock BUS BUS Memory Companies M.processor
speed (Word Processor
length)

8086 1978 29,000 5 MHz 20 Bit 16 Bit 1 MB Zilog’s 16-Bit

(Z- M.processor
8000)
Motorola
(68000,
8088 1979 29,000 5 MHz 20 Bit 16 Bit / 1 MB 68010)
8-bit
internal

80286 1982 134,000 8 MHz 24Bit 16 Bit 16 MB

 Evolution of Microprocessor
Intel Year of No. of Initial Address Data BUS Addressable Other No of Bit
M.processor introducing transistor clock BUS (Word Memory Companies M.processor
speed length) Processor

80386 1985 2,75,000 16 32Bit 32 Bit 4 GB Zilog’s 32-Bit

MHz M.processor
(Z-
80486 1989 1.2 25 32 Bit 32 Bit 4 GB 80000)
Million MHz Motorola
(68020,
Pentium 1993 3.1 60 32 Bit 32 Bit 4 GB 68030)
Million MHz

Pentium- 1995 5.5 150 32 Bit 32 Bit 64 GB

Pro Million MHz
 8085 Microprocessor
 Introduction:-The microprocessor is the central processing (CPU)
of microcomputer.

 It is also known heart of computer or Brain of computer.

 It designed on single chip or IC (Integrated circuit).
 Microprocessor is also known as programmable digital device,
designed with registers, flip-flop and timing element.
 It is also defined as multipurpose,programmable,clock driven,
register based electronic device, that reads the instructions from
storage device called memory, accepts the binary data as input
& process the data according to instructions & provide the result.
 8085 Microprocessor
• The Intel 8085 is the 8-bit microprocessor
developed by Intel corporation in year 1976.

• It known as 8-bit Microprocessor because it can

process 8-bits at a time.

• If the processor consists of more than 8-bits the

processor takes up 8-bits of data at first & makes its
processing, then next group of data taken up one
by one.
 Features of 8085 Microprocessor
 1.Intel 8085 is 8 bit microprocessor.
 2.It is developed by Intel corporation in 1976.
 3.It has 40 pins IC (Integrated circuit ) fabricated on single
chip.
 4.Its clock speed is 3 to 5 MHz.
 5.The Intel 8085 uses a single +5 V D.C. supply for its
operation.
 6.It is designed by using 6200 to 6500.
 7.It has 8-bit data Bus.
 8.It has 16 bit address.
 Features of 8085 Microprocessor
 9.It has16 bit address lines, therefore it can access
16
2 = 64 Kbytes of memory locations.

 10.It has 8-bit I/O Addresses,

 8
2 = 256 (0---255) ports can be accessed.

 11. It has 80 basic instructions & 246 opcodes.

Note : opcode means operational codes every instruction having a code which is
stored in memory.
MVI A,05 is instruction, the meaning of this instruction is to transfer 05 data in to
accumulator.
MVI A ,05 ( in coded form 3E,05) where 3E is the opcode of instruction & 05 is 8-bit
data)
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor

VSS AD0-AD7
Vcc INTEL
X1 8
X2 A8-A15
RESET IN 0 CLK
RESET OUT 8 HOLD
IO/M HLDA
5
S0 TRAP
S1 RST 7.5
RD RST 6.5
WR RST 5.5
ALE INTR
SID
SOD INTA
READY
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor

 The 8085 microprocessor has 40 pin IC.

 Pin configuration is as follow.
 1.AD0 –AD7 :This is the multiplexed &
bidirectional Bus.
 It is used as address as well as data Bus.
 The lower 8-bits address (A0—A7) is multiplexed
with data Bus (D0—D7).

 2.A8- A15 : This is higher order Bus ,higher order

addresses (A8-A15) sending through this bus
 It 8 bit higher order or most significant bits
(A8-A15) sending on this bus.
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor
 3.ALE : (Address latch Enable) Output
 It is active high signal.
 It controls the multiplexed bus AD0-AD7.
 When ALE goes high the Bus AD0-AD7 is used as address Bus i.e.
(A0-A7).
 When ALE goes low the Bus AD0-AD7 is used as data Bus.
 4. IO/M (output pin) :
 It is status signal which distinguishes whether the address is for
memory or I/O.
 When it goes high address on the address bus is for I/O
 IO/M = High -- Address for I/O
 IO/M = Low -- Address for Memory
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor
 S0 /S1 (output) :These are status signal sent by the
microprocessor to distinguish various types of operation given in
table.
 S1 S0 Operations
 0 0 HLT
 0 1 WRITE
 1 0 READ
 1 1 FETCH
 RD (Output) : This signal is used to control READ operation.
 When it goes low the memory or I/O device is read.

 WR ( Output) : This signal is used to control WRITE operation

When it goes low data is written into the selected memory or
I/O .
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor

 READY (Input): This signal is used by microprocessor to check

peripheral is ready to transfer the data or not.
 A slow peripherals may be connected through this line or pin.

 HOLD (Input) : Another devices or I/O devices requesting to the

processor for the use of data & address Bus.

 HLDA (Output) : Acknowledgement

 This is acknowledgement pin .
 The processor sends acknowledgement (permission) to the
requesting device that processor is ready to accept the request.
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor

 INTR (Interrupt) Input :

 It is an interrupt request signal.
 INTA (Output): If processor is ready to accept the request
then sends acknowledgement signals.
 Note :Interrupts are signals that cause the computer’s
CPU to suspend what is to be doing & transfer to special
program called Interrupt handler.
 When interrupt signal occurs at that time processor stops
his main program & transfer towards special programs,
the processor executes this subprogram given by
interrupt signals & returns towards main program.
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor

 RST 7.5,RST 6.5,RST 5.5 and TRAP :

 These interrupt signals.
 Other peripheral devices or co-processors interrupt through this
signals or pins.
 TRAP has highest priority.

 RESET IN : This is active low signal used to reset

microprocessor.
 When this signal is received by the
microprocessor,miroprocessor clears program counter i.e. 0000.
 RESET OUT (Output): It is active high output signal.
 It indicates that processor is being reset.
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor
• X1,X2 (Input) :These are clock input pins connected
to crystal oscillator
• Which drives an internal circuit of microprocessor to
produce suitable clock, for operation of the
microprocessor.
• CLK (Output):
• It is clock output for user can be used for other digital
IC’s.
• It’s frequency is same at which processor operates.
• Internal operating frequency of microprocessor is
available on this pin & used to operate other devices
in the system with speed.
 Pin Diagram & Description of 8085 Microprocessor

• SID & SOD :Serial input data & serial output data
• SID pin is used to accept one bit data under software
control.

• VCC : Vcc provides +5v supply for the operation of

microprocessor.

• VSS : Ground reference.

 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• The Block diagram of Intel 8085 consists of following

three main sections.

• 1.Arithematic and Logic unit (ALU)

• 2.Timing & control unit

• 3.Set of Registers
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085
INTR,RST 7.5,RST 6.5,RST 5.5 ,TRAP SID SOD
INTA

Interrupt control Serial

input/output

W Z
TEMP. FLAG INSTRN
ACCUMULATOR B C
REGISTER REGISTER REGISTER
D E
H L
Stack Pointer
INSTRN
Prog. Counter
ALU DECODER
Incr./Decre
& M/C CYCLE
Addr.Latch
ELCODING

ADDR./
ADDRESS DATA
TIMING & CONTROL BUFFER BUFFER

A15-A8
AD7-AD0
8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 1.Airtematic & Logic control : (ALU)

• ALU is the main part of microprocessor which
performs arithmetic & logic operations
• Arithmetic operation like addition subtraction.
• The logical operations like
AND,OR,NOT,Increment,decrement,shift,rotate.
• It takes data from accumulator & temporary
register & stores the result in accumulator.
• ALU is combinational circuit which consists of
adder, AND gate, OR gate & NOT gate.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 2.Timing and control Unit :-

• The timing & control unit is section of CPU.
• It generates timing & control signals which are necessary for
the execution of instructions.
• It controls data flow between CPU & peripherals (including
memory ).
• It performs data transfer & decision making operations.
• It consists of instruction register, instruction decoder, timing &
control circuit.
• It control entire operation of microprocessor & peripherals
connected to it.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 3.Register Organisation:Resgisters are used by microprocessor for

temporary storage of data & instructions.
• These registers are known internal memory of M.processor.

• The 8085 has following registers :-

• 1] One 8-bit accumulator (ACC) or Reg. A
• 2] Six 8-bit general purpose registers these are B,C,D,E,H,L.
• 3] One 16-bit stack pointer (SP)
• 4] One 16-bit program counter (PC)
• 5] Instruction register
• 6.Temporary Register
8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 1] One 8-bit accumulator (ACC) or Reg. A :-

• Accumulator is 8-bit registers.
• It is also known as Reg.A.
• It is used to hold one of the operand (data) of an
arithmetic & logical operation.
• The another operand (Data) for arithmetic & logical
operations may stored in memory or one of the
register.
• It is used as input device to ALU.
• Finally result is stored in the accumulator.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 2] General purpose registers :-

• The 8085 has 6 general purpose 8 bit registers

B,C,D,E,H,L.
• These registers available for the user.
• These registers used to store 8-bit data.
• The pair of two registers can be used as 16-bit
registers these pairs are BC,DE,HL.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085
• 3] Stack pointers (SP) :-
• It is special purpose register.
• It is used to access stack memory.
• It always used to point to the stack memory.
Note :-Stack Memory : The stack is a sequence of memory
locations set aside by programmer to store the contents of
accumulator,flags,program counter,& general purpose
Reg.during execution of program.
• Some part of RAM memory is used as stack.
• During the execution of the program some times it becomes
necessary to save contents of some registers which are need
for some other operations,in subsequent steps of the
program.
• The contents of such registers saved in the stack.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085
• 4.Program counter : (PC)
• Program counter is 16-bit special purpose Register.
• It is always used to hold the address of program memory.
• It gives the track of memory addresses of the instructions
in the program while they are being executed.
• It never hold operands or data
• It is automatically incremented by control unit during
instruction fetch operations.
• During instruction fetch operation a 8085 microprocessor
places contents of PC on address bus to select
appropriate location of program memory.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 5.Instruction Register :-
• The instruction register holds the opcode (Operation
code or instruction code ) of the instruction which being
decoded & executed.
• It is 8-bit register.
• It is not available for user.
• 6] temporary Register :-
• It is 8-bit register associated with temporary.
• It is not available for user.
• It holds data during an arithmetic / Logical Operation
• It is used by the microprocessor.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• Flag Register :-
• It is available for user.
• The ALU stores the status of result in the flag registers.
• The ALU includes five flip-flops which are set or reset
after an operation according to condition of result.
• These flag registers are known as flags.
• There are five flags of 8085 M.processor. ( carry
flag,Auxillary carry flag, parity flag, Zero flag, sign flag )
• These flag registers are connected to ALU.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• Flag structure of 8085 or Program status word of 8085

MSB LSB
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z X AC X P X CY

Zero Flag Parity Flag Carry Flag

• Sign Flag Auxillary Carry Flag

 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 1] Carry Flag ( CY or CF) :-

• After execution of instruction carry is generated ,carry flag set to ‘1’
otherwise reset to ‘0’.

• 2] Auxillary carry Flag (AC) :-

• If carry is generated from bit 3 to bit 4 (D4-D3) ,it is set to ‘1’
otherwise reset to ‘0’.

• 3] Parity Flag (P) :-

• If result of operation contains even number of ‘1’ the parity flag is set
to’1’ ,or result of operation contains odd no.of ‘1’,the parity flag reset
to ‘0’.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 4] Zero Flag :-
• If result of operation is zero (0), then zero flag is set
to ‘1’ otherwise non zero result reset to ‘0’.

• 5] Sign Flag (S) :-

• The sign flag ‘S’ set to 1 ,if the result of operation is
negative.
• It is always used in signed arithmetic operation.
• In logical operation MSB is 1 the sign flag is set to1.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085
• Applications of microprocessor :-
• 1.Microprocessor are used in controllers, personal
computers, low to moderate speed data
communication.
• 2. microprocessor used as digital controller to control
some physical parameters like temperature, pressure.
• 3.It is used to control motor speed, traffic light
controller, conveyer controls, stepper motor controller.
• 4.It is used in data communication application
applications including data processing error detection,
serial to parallel & parallel to serial data transfers.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085

• 5.It is used in personal computer.

• 6.Microprocessor are also used in automobils,applications are

ignition control, automatic fuel control.

• 7.Microprocessors are used in many medical instruments like X-

ray machines,ECG machines.

8.Microprocessors are used in testing & measuring

instruments, applications are CRO’s,signal generator
power supplies, spectrum analyzers.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085
• Limitations of 8-Bit microprocessor:-

• 1.The word length is 8-bit hence processing speed is low.

• 2.Due to 16-bit address lines, we can address only up to 64 Kbytes of memory.
• 3.8-bit microprocessor has multiplexed address & data bus, so extra hardware is
required to separate address signals.
• 4.It can read one instruction at a time ,unless first instruction gets executed
completely, microprocessor can not read second instruction from memory as it has
only one instruction register.
• 5.Operating speed is less so the speed of execution is low.
 8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085
• 6.Using 8-bit microprocessor, we can not design
multiprocessor system.

• 7. Due to limited size of the all register, we can store

limited data bytes in the microprocessor memory.

• 8.There is no memory management unit.

• 9. It is used for control applications.

• 10. It is not used in work stations & servers.

8085 Microprocessor Architecture or Block diagram of 8085