Elsc Easy Learn Singh Classes: Cell Organelle

ELSC
Easy Learn Singh Classes
Cell Organelle
By-Nandini Singh
Cell Organelles
Membrane lipids are strongly amphipathic molecules with a
polar hydrophilic “head group” and a polar hydrophobic “tail.”
In membranes, they are primarily held together by the
hydrophobic effect and weak Van der Waals forces and are
therefore mobile relative to each other.
This gives membranes a more or less fluid quality.
Lipids and proteins are mobile within the membrane.
If they are not fixed in place by special mechanisms, they float
within the lipid layer as if in a two-dimensional liquid; biological
membranes are therefore also described as being a “fluid
mosaic
Cell wall
The cell wall is a rigid and protective layer around the plasma
membrane which provides mechanical support to the cell.
It is a non-living structure which is formed by the living protoplast.
Animal cells do not have a cell wall. They are present in most plant
cells, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea.
In-plant cells, the cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose,
pectin, and protein. In many fungi, the cell wall is formed of chitin
and in bacteria, the cell wall contains protein-lipid-polysaccharide
complexes.
The cell wall has many important functions in a cell including
protection, structure, and support.
Plant cell wall
Plant cell wall has three section-
1 - Primary cell wall
2 -middle lamila
3- Secondary cell wall
Centriole
Centrioles are tubular structures mostly found in eukaryotic cells which
are composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Structure
A centriole consists of a cylindrical structure made with nine triplets
microtubules that surround the periphery of the centriole while the
center has a Y-shaped linker and a barrel-like structure that stabilizes
the centriole.
Another structure called cartwheel is present in a centriole which is
made up of a central hub with nine spokes/filaments radiating from it.
Each of these filaments/spokes is connected to the microtubules
through a pinhead.
Function
Centrioles are involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus,

which functions during cell division.
The absence of centrioles causes divisional errors and delays in the
mitotic process.
A single centriole forms the anchor point, or basal body, for each
individual cilium or flagellum.
Basal bodies direct the formation of cilia and flagella as well.
Cilia and flageela
Cilia and Flagella are tiny hair-like projections from the cell made of
microtubules and covered by the plasma membrane.
Structure
Cilia are hair-like projections that have a 9+2 arrangement of
microtubules with a radial pattern of 9 outer microtubule doublet that
surrounds two singlet microtubules. This arrangement is attached to the
bottom with a basal body.
Flagella is a filamentous organelle, the structure of which, is different in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
In prokaryotes, it is made up of the protein called flagellin wrapped
around in a helical manner creating a hollow structure at the center
throughout the length.
In eukaryotes, however, the protein is absent and the structure is
replaced with microtubules.
Function
The most critical role of cilia and flagella is movement. These are
responsible for the movement of the organisms as well as for the
movement of various particles present around the organisms.
Some cilia present in some particular organs may have the function
of sense. The cilium in the blood vessels, which helps in controlling
the flow of blood is an example.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm refers to everything present inside the cell except the
nucleus.
Structure
The cytoplasm consists of a cytosol; a gel-like substance that contains
other matter; cell organelles; smaller cell-like bodies bound by separate
membranes; and cytoplasmic inclusions; insoluble molecules that store
energy and are not surrounded by any layer.
The cytoplasm is colorless and has about 80% water along with various
nutrients required for the cell.
It is known to have the properties of both viscous matters as well as
elastic matter. Under its elasticity, cytoplasm helps in the movement of
materials inside the cell by a process termed cytoplasmic streaming.
Functions
Most of the vital cellular and enzymatic reactions like cellular

respiration and translation of mRNA into proteins occur in the
cytoplasm.
It acts as a buffer and protects genetic materials as well as other
organelles from damage due to collision or change in the pH of the
cytosol.
The process called cytoplasmic streaming helps in the distribution of
various nutrients and facilitates the movement of cell organelles withi
the cell
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Centrioles are involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus,

Most of the vital cellular and enzymatic reactions like cellular

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