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    Veins: Veins Carry Blood Towards The Heart - They Carry De-Oxygenated Blood

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    Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves to prevent backflow of blood. Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

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    Veins: Veins Carry Blood Towards The Heart - They Carry De-Oxygenated Blood

    Uploaded by

    A k
    19 views22 pages
    Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves to prevent backflow of blood. Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

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    presentation

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    AASHIKKK

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    Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves to prevent backflow of blood. Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views22 pages

    Veins: Veins Carry Blood Towards The Heart - They Carry De-Oxygenated Blood

    Uploaded by

    A k
    Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves to prevent backflow of blood. Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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     Veins

    Veins carry blood towards the heart .


    They carry de-oxygenated blood.

    They have valves to stop the backflow of blood


    CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
    CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
    1.HEART
    2.BLOOD VESSELS
    -Arteries
    -Veins
    -Capillaries
    3.LYMPHATIC VESSELS
    Blood Vessels
     Arteries
    The vessels that carry the blood away from the heart they
    carry oxygenated blood .
    They have thicker walls than veins to withstand blood
    pressure.
     Capillaries
    .The smallest
    arterioles break up
    to capillaries
    .one endothelial layer
    Forms the entire
    Capillary wall
    .the average diameter
    7um
    Thermoregulation
    Thermoregulation
     Human fetus produces 2x heat per kilo of body weight as the adult.
    Heat dissipation problem.

     Heat is lost by placenta.

     Which acts as a heat exchanger.


    Maintenance of Body Temperature

    No less than 33oC

    5oC environment No less than 23oC


     Infants have:

    Large Body surface ( A) Thin body shell ( k)


    Body Volume

     Therefore,cannot tolerate a heat gradient (dt/dx).


     To maintain body temperature during a minor cold
    stress:
     Infant must produce 5x heat per kilo as an adult faced
    with the same stress
    Involuntary Response to Cold Stress

     Shivering in adults

     Nonshivering thermogenesis in infants until 3-6 months of age


    Nonshivering Thermogenesis
     Temperature sensors are in the
    skin (in newborns particularly
    the face), the spinal cord and
    the hypothalamus.
     Temperature information is
    processed in the
    hypothalamus.
    Norepinephrine (NE) is
    released in response to cold
    stress.
     Result: Vasoconstriction and
    increased metabolic activity.
    SKELETAS MUSCLES
    SERVO MECHANISM
    BIOLOGICAL RECEPTORS
    • servomechanism, automatic device used to correct the performance of a
    mechanism by means of an error-sensing feedback. The term
    servomechanism properly applies only to systems in which the feedback
    and error correction signals control mechanical position or one of its
    derivatives such as velocity or acceleration.
    •Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by
    alpha motor neurons
    and generate tension by contracting, thereby
    allowing for skeletal movement.

    Intrafusal muscle fibers are


    skeletal muscle fibers that
    comprise the muscle spindle and
    are innervated by gamma motor
    neurons.
    •These fibers are proprioceptors
    that detect the amount and rate of
    change in length of a muscle.
    Intrafusal fibers are wrapped by two types of afferent endings that
    send sensory inputs to the CNS
    •Primary afferent endings (annul spiral endings)
    •group 1 fibers
    •Innervate the center of the spindle
    •Secondary afferent endings(flower spray endings)
    Type II fibers
    •Associated with the ends of the spindle
    MECHANISM : The extrafusal fibers are attached to bone through
    tendons exhibit a finite spring stiffness which are embedded in Golgi
    tendon organs These organs are mechanic receptors sensitive to the
    total muscle tension.
    Alpha loop control : The tendon organs provides inhibitory
    feedback to the alpha motor neuron but do not constitute the basic
    positive feedback element for this servomechanism
    Loop control
    • Activating the  motor neurons that stimulate the distal ends of the
    intrafusal fibers to contact thus stretching the mid-portion of the spindle
    (internal stretch)
    • Whatever the stimulus, when the spindles are activated their
    associated sensory neurons transmit impulses at a higher frequency
    • The spindle
    to the spinal cells
    cord primary afferents have
    an excitatory effect on alpha motor
    neurons travel via spinal cord in a fast
    mono synaptic reflex arc

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