Sri Lanka Agriculture Extension Association

National Symposium & Policy Dialogue

Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension &

Advisory Services

Sector: Animal Production (Animal Agriculture)

Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO)

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Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory Services
Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO)

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Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO)

Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory

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Services
Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO) Slide 26

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Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO) Slide 25

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Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO)

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Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO)

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Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO) Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector (FAO)

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 Introduction – Progress of Probable Animal
Feed
Annual Growth Rate Total Annua
1970 2013
1970- 1977- 1984- 1991- 1998- 2005- Growt l
Product 1977 1984 1991 1998 2005 2013 Productio Productio
h Growth
n tonnes n tonnes

Maize 24.6 96.2 -3.3 -0.5 23.4 400.1 14,410 241,144 1351% 31.4%
Oil cake -24.5 6.1 6.3 14.3 -8.7 57.9 163,725 196,816 40% 0.9%
Cowpea 563.7 6.3 -0.2 -40.0 -16.8 26.9 3,182 346% 8.0%
15,281
Millet 62.0-44.2 -43.9 -33.0 43.5 8.4 13,310 -47% -1.1%
7,100
Pulses 649.4 11.6 29.8 -50.7 -30.5 26.0 5,422 369% 8.6%
25,435
Other Field 76.9
Sweet Crops15.2
(OFC) or Dual
-49.6 -29.2Purpose
-21.5 Crops
29.6 72,163 53,383 -26% -0.6%
Dual Purpose Crops
Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory 10
Potato29/09/20 Services
 Successes
• Poultry Industrialization and government facilitation
• From a backyard industry , poultry sector has shown a
phenomenal growth and emerged as a dynamic industry.
• Can be rated as the most successful agriculture enterprise
• As a result this boosted the animal protein availability and also
the egg and chicken meat became the cheapest animal protein
source.
• This was lead by the private sector, but the government had a
major share in facilitating this growth
• An annual growth of 15% in chicken meat and 11% in egg was
observed from 1970 to 2013.
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Successes
• Revolution in Maize production
• A major portion (90%) maize is used for chicken feeding
• Only 20% of the maize requirement was produced in Sri Lanka
• For the first time after 1978, DA and DAPH worked together with
the private sector to be self-sufficient in Maize
• This drive to lead by the private sector facilitated by DA.

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 Successes
• Successful control of endemic diseases, trans-boundary and
emerging diseases
• Protecting livestock and improving human lives is the theme
of one health management of the DAPH and the Health
department
• From Centralized administration structure to decentralized
system since 1989.
• Registration of farms – Poultry, Cattle, Buffalo, Goat & Swine
• Monitoring hatcheries
• Advances in collection, management and use of animal health
information in disease control strategies
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Services
Dry...
lessons learnt - Ruminant feeds and feeding Milk Production Feeding Calendar of Livestock in the

• Most milk and meat in Sri Lanka is produced by ruminants reared on

• Poor quality herbage that can be harvested or grazed from non-arable land,
• forest areas and pasture land and
• stubble left over from the cultivation of crops (seasonal) , particularly rice
straw.
• Land suitable for arable farming is used for cash crops rather than for forage
crops because of the high priority given to food production for human
consumption.
• No irrigation water is provided for fodder production
• Proper utilization, handling and processing of crop-residue is important

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 lessons learnt - Ruminant feeds and feeding
• The value of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products as
animal feed becomes more important because of the off-season for
crop production.
• This is a dry period of 3–4 months with no green fodder for
grazing.
• Cattle and buffaloes normally lose condition and it will reflect on
milk production, calving intervals and age at calving of heifers.
• There an abundant supply of crop residues, particularly rice straw
during this period because the dry season normally coincides with
the harvesting time of rice.
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 Weaknesses
1. Detaching /Disintegration of Crop and Livestock Production
System
1.1 Specialization of crop and livestock has increased food production
1.2 Mixed farming sector has 95% of the livestock.
1.3 Decline in the number of agricultural holdings keeping livestock
1.3.1 The proportion of mixed farming sector from 21% of the agriculture land
holdings (2001). This has gone down from 53% in the 1960s
1.4 Keeping livestock is important for crop farmers and vise versa
1.4.1 As risk reduction strategy for farming community – Increased income
1.4.2 Livestock are important providers of nutrients for growing crops in
smallholder systems, and
29/09/20 1.4.3 Efficient disposal offorcrop
Strategies by-products.
Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory Services 16
 Weaknesses
2. Mismatch of genes in dairy cattle
2.1 Introduced high producing taurine cattle and semen from Europe –
Developed a crossbred cattle population. Bos taurus X Bos indicus
2.2 These performed better than pure Bos indicus breeds as expected,
2.3 Was unable to fuse into the traditional agriculture system. Main challenges

2.4 They have more or less become a liability to the smallholder mixed
farming community.
2.5 Inadequate feeding, it causes,
2.5.1 low productivity,
2.5.2 animals reach puberty at a late age (often 4 years) and
2.5.3 inter-calving interval is often 18-24 months,
resulting in a small number of dairy animals in a national herd being in
milk at any one time.
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Weaknesses
3. Goat – most neglected livestock sub-sector

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Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory Services
Weaknesses
Human Resource shortage

•Shortage of skills demand in terms

of relevance and quality
•Synchronizing with national skills
development policies

Stratergies for Enhacing Governance of Extension and Advisory

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Services
 Main challenges
1. Farmer priority (of time and resources) for livestock is always
after rice, vegetables and Other Field Crops (OFC). Weaknesses

2. Non-utilization of crop by-products and dual purpose crops as

livestock feeds and feeding.
3. Mismatch between high yielding genotypes and diverse
production systems.
4. Management of livestock excrement for crop production and
mitigate environmental pollution.
5. Pluriactivity of arable land holders – farming income secondary.
6. High farm gate price for milk

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Extension and advisory services – Prevailing
System
Key Extension Service Functions
1. Achieving National
National Development Goals Food security
1. Control of endemic
diseases, trans-
boundary and emerging
2. Improving Rural Livelihoods diseases
2. Breed improvement
3. Extension and training
3. Improving Natural Resource
Management
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Extension & advisory services – System
expectation
Key Extension Service Functions
1. Achieving National
National Development Goals Food security 1.1 Transfer of technology for Milk and
egg production

2. Improving Rural Livelihoods 2.1 Teaching farmers how to diversify

their farming system
2.2 Organizing farmers in to producer
groups to increase market access

3. Improving Natural Resource 3.1Training farmers how to use

Management sustainable Natural Resource
Management (NRM)
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Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory Services
Policy suggestions I
1. Cohesion between major players (Animal agriculture, Crop
agriculture etc) in the food production system

2. Utilization of crop byproducts and dual purpose crop

products as ruminant feed

3. Local breeding / selection programs to prevent Mismatch

between genes and environment

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Policy suggestions II
4. Improvement in the milk collection system

5. Focused human resources management

6.Natural Resource Management and mitigation of

environmental pollution due to livestock

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 Thank you for your
attention
 Populatio 1970 2013 Total Annual
n Number Number Growth Growth

Buffalo 735,708 380,760 -48.2% -1.12%

Cattle 1,593,306 1,169,040 -26.6% -0.62%

Goat 556,362 331,150 -40.5% -0.94%

25
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 Stratergies for Enhacing Governance of Extension and Advisory
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Services
 Stratergies for Enhacing Governance of Extension and Advisory
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Introduction – Progress of Animal Production Sector
(FAO) Introduction – Progress of Probable Animal Feed

Total Growth - Periods 1970 2013 Total Annual

1970- 1977- 1984- 1991- 1998- 2005- Productn Productn Growth Growth
Product
1977 1984 1991 1998 2005 2013 in tonnes in tonnes

Broiler 13.9 25.6 17.0 144.5 65.0 9.5 106,029 640% 14.8%
14,400
Eggs -9.9 81.8 39.9 11.6 -1.4 125.7 110,753 469% 10.9%
19,453
Milk 62.0 22.4 -7.8 -40.7 9.5 93.9 141,080 324,805 130% 3.0%
Total
Cow 69.4 11.0 -5.4 -34.1 9.8 88.0 108,900 257,000 136% 3.2%
48.0 72.8 -14.0 -60.9 4.1 159.6 67,805 111% 2.6%
Buffalo 32,180
Mutton -1.3 17.6 -47.6 2.0 -7.3 -6.2 1,400 -46% -1.1%
5,805
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Dual Purpose Crops Introduction – Progress of Probable Animal Feed

31
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 No rain
in and very dry
no grass but mor
Milk Plenty of grass
with rain but
mil
ilkk
e
Production
Feeding Calendar of Livestock in the Dry Zone less milk

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Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension and Advisory Services
Feeding Calendar of Livestock in the Dry Zone
lessons learnt - Ruminant feeds and feedingMilk Produc...

No Feb
Month Oct Dec Jan Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep
v

Land Maha season - 100% cultivable land Yala season - 55% cultivable land

Cultivation Rice planting and growing Rice harvest Rice planting and growing Rice harvest

Cattle Restricted
Restricted grazing in uncultivated dry
movement grazing in Migration to inaccessible / marginal lands Village
crop land
Village

Restricted Grazing in uncultivated Restricted

Stubble consumption in overgrazed Grazing in uncultivated
Grazing area grazing crop dry crop land and water grazing crop
pasture land moist crop land
land shortage land

Residue usage Crop Grass and fodder residue Crop residue Depleted amounts of
Crop residue Crop residue
residue wasted in crop cultivation available for crop residue available
wasted wasted
29/09/20 wasted area
Strategies for Enhancing Governance of Extension andconsumption
Advisory Services for consumption 33