Industrialization Power Point

U.S.
Industrialization
Reshaping the U.S. 1840-1920

Our Learning Objectives
• Students will display an understanding of how scientific and technological changes and
new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change.
• Students will be able to describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration,
and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.
• Students will be able to identify the conditions which lead to calls for progressive
reform
Why was the cheap/rapid generation
of steel vital to industrialization in
the U.S.
Structural Reformation
• Bridges and buildings made from stone, brick cement and...
• Steel-dominated the era.
• America’s standard of living improving w/ new tech
• U.S. making transition from rural to urban.
• High expectation for improved standard of living
Steel Production / Steel Mill
• Iron (1st metal in U.S.) & it was heavy, big, & bulky.
• Henry Bessemer-invented process by which large quantities of steel
could be made cheaply and easy.
• Steel production seen long beforehand, but never as easy/cheap
• Steel was lighter & cheaper.
• Steel being stronger, harder, and sturdier than iron made it practical to construct
higher
Efforts of Industrialization
How Urbanization Changed the U.S.
• Factors for Urbanization in U.S. • Incorporating S.P.E.A.R. in History
• Mass immigration
• Social
• Social interactions in and out of nation
• Social enclaves • Political
• Population centers • Laws and established Government
• Economic growth • Economic
• National wealth and distribution
• Job opportunities
• Agricultural
• Public Transportation • Levels of Cultivation and focused crop
• Connective Technologies • Religious
• Religion and Culture
What was the Industrial Revolution?
• In the United States, the
Industrial Revolution was the
major shift of technological,
socioeconomic and cultural
conditions in the late 18th and
early 19th century leading the
country into an Urban dominant
society while facilitating
westward expansion
Now You Try
• With an elbow partner, discuss some key factors which lead to
urbanization in the United States. Remember the elements of S.P.E.A.R.
Expansion and Urbanization in
the
Industrial Revolution
• The invention in the 1850s of the Otis elevator and Bessemer steelmaking
process created the material means for the rise of tall city buildings, some
so tall they were said to scrape the sky—skyscrapers.
• The advent of trolleys and subways also allowed city dwellers to move
about with ease on public transportation, encouraging developers to build
new suburbs, allowing people to live outside the city center and commute
to work.
Andrew Carnegie
• Very wealthy man.
• Happy businessman because no
income tax at the time.
• Donated money to libraries &
schools.
• Rich men who donate $ are
called Philanthropists
• Tough boss.
Social Darwinism
• Popular theory 1800’s for Industrialists .

• Based on Charles Darwin theory of
evolution/natural selection.
• “All animal life evolved by a process of ‘natural
selection”.
• “Only the strong survives”.
John D. Rockefeller
• Nick name…Wreck-a-fella.
• Oil business (Standard Oil Co. 1870).
• Creates monopolies (by 1890 he
controlled 90% of oil industry).
• Businesses bought out by standard
oil and prices would go up.
• Automobile drastically increased
worth of Oil
Two-Type Industrialist
• Robber Barons = a name given to 19th • Captains of Industry = a business leader whose means
cent. Industrialists who became rich by of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively
to the country in some way either through increased
unethical means (i.e. stock-market
productivity, expansion of markets, providing more
operation?, exploitation of labor) jobs, or acts of philanthropy
Monopolies
• These monopolies were known as “trusts”= board of trustees.
• Horizontal Merger = 1 firm acquires another firm that produces & sells an identical
product.
• Vertical Merger = 1 firm acquires either a customer or a supplier. Example= Carl’s
Jr. buys out any business that relates to restaurant ind.
• Trusts (a few men with great power)
• Oil
• Copper
• Steel
• Railroads
Monopolist Political Cartoon
• Fat monopolists (money bags)
controlling the US Senate w/ $.
• Corruption common in
politics.
• Anti-trust movement will start
in the late 1880’s.
Company Towns
• Workers lived there.
• Workers shopped there.
• Workers died there.
• No money, use scrip.
• High profits for company owners.
• Unfair conditions for workers
• Unhealthy.
Child Labor in Mines
Working condition and child labor
• Young adolescent workers were often responsible for working 12 to 16-hour work
shifts per day, and due to their young age, were usually paid far less than an adult male.
• With machines removing the dependence on physical strength, demand for women and
children workers escalated, especially with them privy to much lower wages than men
• Exploitation of children (Age 9-15) in the mines had them crawl into small narrow
crevices which were normally unreachable
• This deep exposure would leave many children gravely ill and would overall bring child mortality
rates soaring – Gas Leaks, Cave-ins, Black Lung, Dirty(Hours to clean)
Stream Locomotives & Coal
• Cheap and efficient source of
energy to power the massive
transportation machines.
• Served as a valuable material used

for melting metals including iron
and steel.
Impact of the Railroad System
• Connected larger cities with towns - Vital during the expansion period of
the United States.
• Railways were a reliable, and safe method for transporting materials
• Labor opportunities – Irish (East) & Chinese (West)
• Main buyer of steel – expanded business
Now You Try
• With a partner, discuss which field you believe was more important to
society. Development on government policies for protection of workers or
further funding for expansion of the railway connecting society across the
United States?
Cornelius Vanderbilt
• R.R. Tycoon.
• He ruthlessly drove small
companies out of business,
exploited their workers &
bought off gov’t officials.
• Vanderbilt was owner of
“N.Y. Central RR”
Politics of Industrialization
• Monopolies
• A business large enough to be able to control the price of a product without regard to competition.
• Labor Union
• A voluntary association of workers who join together to apply pressure on their employer for improved pay,
shorter hours, or other advantages.
• American Federation of Labor
• A national federation of labor unions addressing the unfair inequalities present among the working class
• Social Work
• Efforts to alleviate a variety of problems often encountered by poorer people, such as unemployment, poverty,
and lack of housing.
Content Reflection
• Identify 2 elements of S.P.E.A.R. which were discussed during the lecture
and construct a small paragraph (3-5 sentences) explaining how these
factors impacted general society during industrialization. –In Class
• Focus on any innovation/invention discussed and think about how this has
impacted your life. Would there be any significant changes if it had never
been introduced into society? (3-5 sentences) – At Home

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U.S.

Reshaping the U.S. 1840-1920

• Popular theory 1800’s for Industrialists .

• Served as a valuable material used

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