RECALL

1. Differentiate Hazard to Disaster

2. Factor contributing to disaster in our country
3. Philippines is in what place/rank to experience
disaster?
4. What are the 4 classifications of disaster?
5. Give 1 characteristic of disaster
PIC2WORD
EXAMPLE

BLOOD TYPING
EXAMPLE

CELL ORGANELLES
EXAMPLE

BIODIVERSITY
‘’PIC TO WORD’’
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY

X POST SHORE

BULL KNEE RUB BEE LEE TEA

 LESSON 2:

Exposure and Vulnerability

 Learning Competencies:
 Enumerate elements exposed to hazards
 Explain the meaning of vulnerability
 Explain why certain sectors of society are more vulnerable
to disaster than others
 Analyze why certain structures are more vulnerable to
specific hazards than others
 Determine the elements that are exposed to a particular
hazard
 Recognize vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to
specific hazards; and
 Differentiate among hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities
and give examples from actual situations.
EXPOSURE

 Refers to the presence of people, livelihood,

environmental services and resources,
infrastructure or economic, social or
cultural assets in places that could be
adversely affected by physical events and
which, thereby, are subject to potential
future harm, loss or damage. It may be
possible to be exposed but not vulnerable.
Exposure continued…

 Viewed as the total value of the elements at

risk
 Expressed as the number of human lives and
the value of properties that can potentially
be affected.
 VARIOUS ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS:

 Physical Hazard- Vibration & Noise

 Cultural Hazard/Social Hazards-

location, socioeconomic status,
occupation and behavioral choices

 Economic Hazard-major conditions

that may lead to financial or
monetary deficits

 Environmental Hazard-state of
events that endanger mankind’s
health
RISK ASSESSEMENT:

 Involves identification and mapping of the

elements at risk and the assessment of
vulnerability.
 In order to reduce risk vulnerability should
be reduced
 Understanding the elements at risk exposed
to each type of hazard is the first step in
reducing vulnerability.
PHYSICAL EXPOSURE

 PHYSICAL EXPOSURE (PhExp) - the

combination of both hazard and exposed
population
PhExp= hazard x exposure
Where :
hazard = probability of occurrence of an event
at a given magnitude
Exposure = total population living in the
affected area for each event.
PHYSICAL EXPOSURE MAP

 was derived from a frequency map and a

population distribution map which is a useful
indicator of the possible impacts of the
occurrence of hazard events to people and
residential structures.
PHYSICAL EXPOSURE MAP
 MOST COMMONLY EXPOSED PHYSICAL FACILITIES:
 

Essential facilities
 Educational facilities
 Medical & health care
facilities
 Emergency response facilities
 Government offices
 Recreational / tourist facilities
 Places of worship
 Bank & financial centers
 Markets & shopping centers
 Cemeteries
MOST COMMONLY EXPOSED PHYSICAL FACILTIES:

Industrial & high potential loss facilities &

facilities containing hazardous materials

 Dams and ponds

 Fuel reservoirs, pipelines and pumps
 Power (electric) generating plants and lines
 Food processing facilities
MOST COMMONLY EXPOSED PHYSICAL FACILTIES:

Utility lifelines
 Potable water facilities, waste water facilities,
pipelines and distribution lines
 Oil and natural gas systems facilities,
pipelines and distribution lines
 Electric power facilities and distribution lines
 Communication facilities (stations) and
distribution lines (cable and networks)
2002 Asia – Pacific Disaster report of
the ESCAP (1970 -2010)
 AVE. no. of people exposed
in flooding yearly in Asia :
29.5 million – 63.8 million

 Population in cyclone –
prone areas has grown from
71.8 million – 120.7 million

 Amount of loss in 2011

USD294 Billion (80% of the
total losses globally)
 Philippine Government’s National
Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)

 SECTION of DOST
 Specialized in providing counter measures to
address the exposure to hazards.
 Example of counter measures that can be
implemented by the government
 Creation & strict implementation of laws for
Building of residences or construction of
infrastructures
 Stronger laws for the conservation of
environment
 Forced evacuation
 Relocation
 Activity Instruction:

 The class will be divided into groups consisting of 5-7

members based on the area or location of their
homes.

 As a group assess the own vulnerability and exposure

of one’s own house and some critical facilities in one’s
community by using the checklist provided below.
The students shall apply similar principles for storm
surge and tsunami inundation. For this activity, you
can assume that there is a three – meter high waves
occurring within 1 km from the shore line.
 Building Location Exposure to storm surge Vulnerability (If exposed to storm surge
type or use (write the and tsunami waves and tsunami)
address)
    >3m high <3m high High Medium Low
waves (< waves (<
1km from 1km from
the shore the shore
line) line)
Your own            
house
Your School            
Evacuation            
center
Hospital            
Day care            
center
Fire station            
Police            
station
Municipal /            
city hall
Barangay            
hall
 State of
susceptibility
to harm
from

VULNERABILITY exposure to
stresses
associated
with
environmental
& social
change &
from the
absence of
capacity to
adapt.
QUANTIFYING VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability can be expressed using the
following:
0 – 1 degree (0 as the lowest and 1 as
the highest)
Repair cost
Percentage of human population
affected (percentage of deaths and
injuries)
 VULNERABLE SECTORS
Agriculture & Food
Watersheds

Coastal & Marine Resources

Human Health
 VULNERABILITY MAY REFER TO
THE FOLLOWING:
Disregard for environmental
management
Poorly – planned communities
Poorly – constructed infrastructures
and homes
Lack of public information and
awareness on preparedness and risks
Resistance and resilience
 SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECONOMIC FACTORS OF VULNERABILITY:
 SOCIAL
•Certain population group may be
more vulnerable than others
Ex. The very young & the old
 SOCIAL
MOST VULNERABLE POPULATION:
People with disabilities
Children
Seniors
Medication dependent individual s (diabetic,
schizophrenics)
Women, especially those who are single, single
parents & unemployed
Ethnic minorities, aboriginal or indigenous people
Hopeless or street people
Incarcerated individuals
Marginalized groups
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC:
Developing nations are Rural households
more at exposed and
are found to be
vulnerable
Rapid urbanization in more vulnerable
hazardous areas than those urban
Increasing number of environments
informal settlers
 Low lying areas,
coastal regions, and
mountainous areas.
 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Refers to the ability of
an individual or
institution to prevent
or mitigate, prepare
for, respond to and
recover from crisis.
Bulk of the EM should
take place before an
actual crisis happens
 PREVENTION-MITIGATION
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLANNING

Begins with setting up a planning team and

defining work plan and schedule
Should be done systematically
Having an emergency management plan
would enable the planners to see who is best
suited to fill the key roles and responsibilities
needed in emergency management
Chosen individuals to fill in key roles can
undergo appropriate trainings to fulfill their
part
 EVERY COMMUNITY SHOULD HAVE AN
EMP BASED ON THE FOLLOWING:
Community history, culture, & ways of doing
business, including existing local or regional
EM resources & practices
Different types of risks present in their
community
Different national & local government safety
laws
 EMP PROCEDURES

1. Form a team

2. Conduct a
risk assessment
Identification & evaluation of the
potential hazards and current
capabilities to cope with the onset of
emergencies
Should be conducted by a team of
experts in various aspects of the
assessment process who are also part of
the planning process.
 HAZARD

ASSESSMENT
Identifies potential hazards, evaluates
the probability of occurrence & the
impact once it occurs in the community
PROBABILTY – SEVERITY CHART :
desires output
 PROBABILTY – SEVERITY CHART

SEVERITY PROBABILITY
FREQUENT LIKELY OCCASSIONAL SELDOM UNLIKELY
CATASTROPHIC Extremely high
CRITICAL High

MODERATE Medium

NEGLIGIBLE Low
PREPAREDNESS
Measures undertaken to
prepare people to react
appropriately during &
following such
emergencies.
Develops their own
command system
1. INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
(ICS)
is a standardized approach to the
command, control, and coordination
of emergency response providing a
common hierarchy within which
responders from multiple agencies
can be effective.
 FEATURES OF ICS
Personnel from a variety of agencies can meld
rapidly into a common management structure
ICS is flexible to meet the needs of all incidents
– kind, size, level of complexity
ICS helps all respondents communicate and get
what they need when they need it.
ICS prescribes that there is one person in charge
of an incident (the incident commander)
The priority is to identify the incident commander
Incident commander – trained personnel on the
scene who assumes command and responsibility.
 2. TABLE TOP EXERCISES
are discussion-based sessions where
team members meet in an informal,
classroom setting to discuss their roles
during an emergency and their
responses to a particular emergency
situation.
A facilitator guides participants through
a discussion of one or more scenarios.
Roles and responsibilities of each
member of ICS are rehearsed.
 3. DRILLS
Responsibilities of ICS members
should be clearly defined and
practiced during the drill
Will reveal how well things work,
what is missing and what needs top
be done.
There should be objectives
4. FULL SCALE SIMULATION
Most intense, costly and resource –
intensive type of emergency exercise
Requires considerable amount of
planning and consultation and
involves a large number of
participants
Participants role play to the
emergency scenario chosen
 5. ADVOCACY
information dissemination
awareness through conduct of
disaster
management for a /briefing,
observance
of disaster consciousness month, etc
 6. RESOURCES
5 M’s – manpower,
materials, methods,
machines and money
 RESPONSE
EMP/ Incident action plan (IAP)
becomes operational
Will depend upon the severity and
intensity of the crisis
Requires informed decision making
and clear identification of lines of
authority (proper coordination)
 KEY ELEMENTS
Assessment of the magnitude of the problem
Activation of the EMP and ICS
Deployment of resources and making
informed decisions
Working with first responders and community
partners
Initiation of the transition tot the recovery
phase
Enacting an after – action assessment as a
tool for learning and improvement
 RESPONSE
Early Warning: timely and rapid dissemination
of warnings to threatened
communities/population;
Notification – mobilization of response
teams, activation of SOPs, DOCs and ICS.
The “Golden Hour” Principle: the time within
which most lives could be saved and injuries
minimized
Incident Command System: on scene
management of disaster operations activities.
 RECOVERY
Constant on going process (long
term process)
Designed to assist the community
with healing and coping and restore
normal operations in the day – day
living
 RECOVERY
Short Term – restoring necessary lifeline
systems (e.g. power, communications, water
and sewerage, transportation, etc.), providing
for basic human needs (food, clothing, shelter)
and monitoring law and order providing CISD,
etc.
• Long Term – restoring economic activity and
development, rebuilding community facilities
and housing, healing, repair and reconstruction
in a way that is less vulnerable to future hazard
impacts.
 ACTIVITY CONTINUATION
Questions to be answered:
1. Which of the structures in your list are safe from storm
surge and tsunami? Explain
2. Which of the structures in your list are not safe from storm
surge and tsunami? Explain
3. What do you propose to do for any of the structures above
to ensure safety from storm surge and tsunamis.
4. Do you have access to hazard zone maps for storm surge
and tsunami? How can this kind of map help us ensure safety
from storm surge and tsunamis?
5. How can structures be built or modified to make these
safe from the reach of waves of storm surge and tsunami?
Will these make structures also safe from the impact of
debris carried by the waves?