Classical Psychoanalytical Theory Sigmund Freud

Classical Psychoanalytical
Theory/Psychosexual Theory
presented by
Dr Harees Shabir 1
•Psychology can be defined as scientific study of behaviour
and mental processes.
Crider AB, Goethals GA, Kavanaugh RD, and Solomon PR.
Welcome to psychology, Psychology, P No: 6-27, 3rd Edition, Scott, Foresman and Company
•It can also be defined as the science dealing with human nature,
function and phenomenon of soul in the main.
•Child psychology: Is the science that deals with the mental

power or an interaction through the conscious and
subconscious element in a child
•It is also define as science that deals with the study of child’s
mind and how it functions. 2
Aims of child psychology
• Understand the child better and therefore deal with

him more effectively and efficiently.
• Better planning and interaction between treatment
plan.
• To identify the problems of psychosomatic origin.
• To train the child so that he understand his own oral
hygiene.
• Helps modify child’s developmental process
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Classification of theories
Psychodynamic theories
1. Psychosexual theory/Classical Psychoanalytic
theory by Sigmund Freud (1905)
2. Cognitive theory by Jean Piaget (1952)
3. Psychosocial theory/Model of personality
development by Erik Erikson (1963).
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Theories of learning and development of
behavior
1. Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov (1927)

2. Operant conditioning by BF Skinner (1938)
3. Hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow (1954)
4. Social learning theory by Albert Bandura (1963
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Psychosexual theory/Psychoanalytic theory
• This theory was given by Sigmund Freud, in 1905

an Australian physician and father of modern day
Psychiatry.
• Like other neurologists in his era, he often treated people

troubled by nervous problems such as irrational fears,
obsessions, and anxieties.
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• Eventually he devoted himself to the treatment of
mental disorders using an innovative procedure called
psychoanalysis.
• It attempts to explain personality, motivation, and

psychological disorders by focusing on the influence
of early childhood experiences.
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• He advocated the method of free association, which
means the person, should say everything that comes
to his mind regardless of how trivial and
embarrassing it might be.
• He said that a body has two types of neurons.
1. Phi neuron
• concerned with condition of emotion
2. Psi neuron
• concerned with storage of emotion.
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PSYCHIC MODEL
ID
EGO SUPER EGO
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STRUCTURAL THEORY OF THE MIND
• According to Freud the structure of personality is
composed of three mental structures, the id, the ego
and the super ego.
• What a person thinks, feels and does is a function of
the actions and interactions of these hypothetical
structures called Psychic triad, each of these
structures developing at a different time.
John W. Santrock. Personality, Psychology Essentials, P.No:355-371, 2nd Edition,

Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing13 Co
ID
• It is the most primitive part and basic structure of a
personality.
• It is present at birth as impulse and strives for immediate
pleasure and gratification.
• ID lacks the capacity to modify the drive. For example,

need to eat in a young child is based on pleasure
principle, i.e. the child wants food irrespective of the
external circumstances.
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• Id accomplishes its aim through two processes
1. Reflex process
2. Primary process thinking (which is primitive,
illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented)
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EGO
•It tries to bring individual pleasure within the norms of the

society.
•The ego is conscious and reality oriented portion of the mind.
•It is conscious of what happens in the child’s world and can
perceive the difference between the child and the external
environment.
•It is also responsible for the child’s capacity for self-awareness. .
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• It helps the id to obtain real rather than
imaginary satisfaction.
• Freud believed that ego substitutes the reality
principle for the pleasure principle.
• It follows the reality principle rather than the
pleasure principle.
• It is developed after birth (2nd- 6th month of life) ,
expands with age.
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Superego
• It develops during the phallic period. It contains
moral principle and values that have been acquired
from the child’s parents and society.
• It is essentially an individual conscience and it judges
whether the action is right or wrong.
• It contains two sub parts-

• Conscience contains moral prohibitions against
certain behaviors, especially those expressing the
sexual and aggressive drives of the id.
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• Ego ideal is the image of what one ideally can be and
how one ought to behave.
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ORAL STAGE(0-1.5yrs)
• Erogenous Zone-- Mouth
infant's needs, perceptions, and modes of
expression are primarily centered in the mouth,
lips, tongue, and other organs related to the oral
zone.
• Gratifying Activities -- Sucking, gumming,
biting, swallowing & eating.
• Both insufficient and forceful feeding can
result in fixation in this stage.
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• This is a dependent stage since the infant is dependant
on adults for getting his oral needs fulfilled.
• Satisfation of oral desires eg. Suckling of milk by
mother helps in the development of trust
• In later periods of life it results in successful
achievements of needs.
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Fixation
• Constant chewing on gum, pens, pencils, etc.

• Nail biting
• Overeating, Drinking .
• Pessimism, attention seeking behavior.
• Aggressive, dominant.
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ANAL STAGE(1.5-3yrs)
• Erogenous Zone : Anus.
• Gratifying Activities: prompted by maturation of
neuromuscular control over sphincters, particularly
the anal sphincters, thus permitting more voluntary
control over retention or expulsion of faeces.
OBJECTIVE
• Toilet training.
• Sense of shame.
• Period of striving of independence
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• Freud believed that one of the most important
achievements in the socialization process is
toilet training.
• Orderliness,
• Obstinancy,
• Stubbornness,
• Frugality
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URETHRAL STAGE (3-4yrs)
• It was not included in the original theory
proposed by Sigmund Freud.
• Was later added by Klein in the book .
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Phallic Stage
• Age: 4 to 5 years.
• Erogenous zone in focus: Genitals.
• Gratifying activities: Genital fondling
• Probably the most challenging stage in a person's
psychosexual development .
• Oedipus Complex
• Electra Complex.
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• Involves the child's unconscious desire to possess the
opposite-sex parent and to eliminate the same-sex
one.
• Castration anxiety.
• This stage is a foundation for gender identity..
• There is a sense of curiosity & the child realizes the

sexual qualities without embarrassment
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FIXATION
• If mother rejects the child- individual will
become solitary, and generally have a poor
sense of self-worth concerning his sexuality.
• If mother prefers the child- a high sense of

self-worth, which may cause him to suffer
once he enters the ‘real world.
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Symptoms of Phallic Fixation
• For men: Anxiety and guilty feelings about sex fear

of castration and narcissistic personality (interest in
one’s own features).
• For women: women never progress past this stage

fully and will always maintain a sense of envy and
inferiority but there are no possible fixations resulting
from this stage.
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•Oedipus and Electra complexes occur in unconscious mind.
•The ego fears the consequences of expressing them and realizes
that these drives cannot be satisfied directly, due to which it
holds the original sexual wish in the unconscious and seeks
partial satisfaction by identifying with the parent of the same sex
(Boys try to be as much as their father and girls try to be like
their mother), this process is known as “identification” through
which an important part of the personality is set in place.

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LATENCY STAGE(6-12yrs
• Age: 5 years–Puberty.
• Erogenous zone in focus: None
• Resolution of any defects occurs in this stage.
• The phase ends in Puberty
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• Interaction with the environment: This is a period
during which sexual feelings are suppressed to allow
children to focus their energy on other aspects of life.
• This is a time of adjusting to the social environment
outside of home, absorbing the culture forming beliefs
and values, developing same sex friendships, engaging in
sports, etc.
• Much of the child’s energies are channelled into
developing new skills and acquiring new knowledge and
play becomes largely confined to other children of the
same gender.
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GENITAL STAGE(puberty onwards)
• Age- (11 yrs onwards)

Preadolescent, early adolescent, middle adolescent, late
adolescent and Post adolescent periods.
• Erogenous Zone -- Genital
• Gratifying Activities: heterosexual relationships.
• Interaction with the Environment:
• Marked by the pursuit of relationships,
• Acceptance of adult role, Social expectations &
values, mature personality.
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• Symptoms of genital fixation: This stage does
not cause any fixation. According to Freud if
people experience difficulties at this stage the
damage was done in earlier oral, anal and phallic
stages.
• These people come into this last stage of
development with fixations from earlier stages
for example, attractions to the opposite sex can
be a source of anxiety at this stage if the person
has not successfully resolved the oedipus or
electra conflict.
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references
• Chockalingam PR. Illustrated Paediatric

Dentistry, First edition, 2014.
• Dean,McDonald,Avery.Dentistry for the child
and adolescent,9th edition.
• Text book of pediatric dentistry Nikhil Marwah
4th edition.
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Classical Psychoanalytical

•Child psychology: Is the science that deals with the mental

• Understand the child better and therefore deal with

1. Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov (1927)

• This theory was given by Sigmund Freud, in 1905

• Like other neurologists in his era, he often treated people

• It attempts to explain personality, motivation, and

EGO SUPER EGO

John W. Santrock. Personality, Psychology Essentials, P.No:355-371, 2nd Edition,

• ID lacks the capacity to modify the drive. For example,

•It tries to bring individual pleasure within the norms of the

• It contains two sub parts-

• Constant chewing on gum, pens, pencils, etc.

• Was later added by Klein in the book .

• There is a sense of curiosity & the child realizes the

• If mother prefers the child- a high sense of

• For men: Anxiety and guilty feelings about sex fear

• For women: women never progress past this stage

•The ego fears the consequences of expressing them and realizes

that these drives cannot be satisfied directly, due to which it

holds the original sexual wish in the unconscious and seeks

partial satisfaction by identifying with the parent of the same sex

(Boys try to be as much as their father and girls try to be like

their mother), this process is known as “identification” through

which an important part of the personality is set in place.

• Age- (11 yrs onwards)

• Chockalingam PR. Illustrated Paediatric

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