Al-Balqa Applied

University

Dr.Audih alfaoury 1
Power systems are characterized by many
different voltage levels.
Transformers are used to transfer power
between different voltage levels.
In this section we’ll development models for
the transformer and discuss various ways of
connecting three phase transformers.

Dr.Audih alfaoury 2
How does a Transformer work _

Dr.Audih alfaoury 3
 Ideal Transformer
No real power losses
Magnetic core has infinite permeability (μ=∞)
No leakage flux (λ=0)
We’ll define the “primary” side of the transformer as
the side that usually takes power, and the secondary
as the side that usually delivers power. The voltage
and current relationship are:

**Note: primary is usually the side with the higher voltage,

but may be the low voltage side on a generator step-up
transformer.
Dr.Audih alfaoury 4
Consider a load Z2 connected to the secondary terminals of
an ideal transformer as shown below

Z1

The load on the secondary ideal transformer reflected

(seen) to primary is:

Z1  a 2 Z 2 or  r1  jx1   a 2  r2  jx2 

Dr.Audih alfaoury 5
The load on the primary of an ideal transformer reflected
(seen) to secondary is:

1 1
Z 2  2 .Z1  2 .( r1  jx1 )
a a

Dr.Audih alfaoury 6
I1

E
Z1

Primary impedance

Dr.Audih alfaoury 7
Since Z 1 is know , then V 1 can found from relation :
V 1  I 1  Z 1 which required to find I 1 ,those ;
E 1200o
I1   
Z s  Z 1 (18  j 4)  (32  j 16)
 2.33  13.5o A
Using ratio for I 2 we get :
I 2  a.I 1  4  (2.33  13.5o )  9.33  13.050 A
and for V 1  I 1  Z 1  83.513.0 V , or
V 1  E 1  IZ s  1200o  (2.33  13.5o  18.44  12.5o )  83.5130
V 1 83.36
Also V2   13.07 0  20.8413.0650V
a 4
S 1 V 1I 1*  83.3613.07 0  2.3313.5o  19426oV A
S 2 V 2 I 2*  20.8413.0650  9.3213.500  19426oV A
 S1  S 2
Dr.Audih alfaoury 8
 Select transformer base as:
Vbase1  VLV ,rated and Vbase 2  VHV ,reted
Sbase  S rated then; Normal choose rated
values as base values
and Z base ,LV  a 2 .Z base ,HV
2
Z base ,LV V base 2
I base
Then a2   2
,LV
 2 .HV
Z base ,HV V base ,HV I base .LV
2 2
1 V baseHV V baseLV
or V base HV  V base LV and Z baseHV  also Z baseLV 
a S base S base

Dr.Audih alfaoury 9
 2
(Vbase ( LV ) ) 2
Vbase ( LV ) (Vbase( HV ) ) Vbase( HV )
Zbase ( LV )   Zbase( HV )  
Sbase I base( LV ) Sbase Ibase ( HV )
Pactual Qactual
Ppu   V pu I pu cos  Q pu   Vpu I pu sin
Sbase Sbase
S actual
S pu   V pu I *pu
Sbase
Z ctual RS  jX S
Z p .u .  
Z base Z base
*Note for the transformer we have tow base impedance one at primary side and
the second at secondary side (see the next side)

Dr.Audih alfaoury 10
 Z ctual R  jX 1
Z pu .1   1 , and
Z base1 Z base1
R1 jX 1
 2
R 2  jX a 2
a Z base 1
Z pu .2  2
 , since Z base 2  2
Z base 2 Z base 2 a
1
Then R 2  jX 2  2
(R1  jX 1 ) or in perunit
a
R1 jX 1 R1 jX 1
 2  2
2 2 R1  jX 1 Z actual 1
Z pu .2 a a  a a    Z pu .1
Z base 2 Z base 1 Z base 1 Z base 1
a2
***Per-unit equivalent circuits of transformer
 Z pu .1  Z pu .2
referred to LV side and HV side are identical !!
Dr.Audih alfaoury 11
Dr.Audih alfaoury 12
 Example
A single phase transformer is rated 110/440V, 2.5kVA ,
reactance at LV-side is 0.06Ω.Determine reactance in per
unit at HV-side .
Solution:
( kV ) 2  1000 (0.110) 2
base  ( LV )    1000  4.84
kVA 2.5
X LV ( actual ) 0.06
X LV( pu )    0.0124 p.u.
X LV ( base ) 4.84
To find the reactance at HV  side the
value (V1 = VHV and V2 = VLV ) by using ratio n :

Dr.Audih alfaoury 13
 V1 V( HV ) Z1 X ( HV )
The ratio a   , and a 
2

V2 V( LV ) Z 2 X ( LV )
Then the actual reactance at HV  side become :
2
 V(HV )  2
 440 
X ( HV )  X ( LV ) .a  X ( LV ) 
2
  0.06    0.96 
V   110 
 (LV ) 
2 2
(kV ) (0.440)
The base X HV  1000  1000  77.5
kVA 2.5
0.96
X HV ( pu )   0.0124 p.u. **note:X LV ( pu )  X HV ( pu )
77.5

Dr.Audih alfaoury 14
Real transformers
1. have losses due to resistance in windings (i 2 R)
and core losses due to eddy currents and
hysteresis
2. have leakage flux
3. have finite permeability of magnetic core.

Dr.Audih alfaoury 15
The equivalent circuit of the real transformer:
(1)not reflect any current or voltage transformation,
(2)not provide for electrical isolation of the primary from
the secondary.
(3) it does not account for the core losses.
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary
winding with the secondary winding open, a small current
called the exciting current (Ie) flows on an iron core
,which produces the flux in the iron core, dissipated as
heat and is called hysteresis loss ( the magnetizing
susceptance Bm). The second loss is due to eddy-current
(the currents induce in the iron due to the changing flux,)
Dr.Audih alfaoury 16
and is equals I2R . As a result the core losses are (Bm and
G), also r1 , r2 ,x1,x2 are primary and secondary resistances
and leakage reactance's .

The equivalent diagram of single phase real transformer.

Dr.Audih alfaoury 17
The transformer efficiency is :
Pout Pout Pout
  100%   100%   100%
Pin Pout  Plosses Pout   Pcore  Pcu 
Where the copper losses is ;
PCu  I12 .R1  I 22 .R2
And the core losses is;
V V12
Pcore  V .I  V .   V12 .G
R R
The output power of transfotmer can be written in terms of
the secondary voltage and current Pout  V2 I 2 cos 
Dr.Audih alfaoury 18
Voltage regulation is defined as:
Vno load  V full load
VR  %   100%
V full load
In per-unit system:
V pu ,no load  V pu , full load
VR  %   100%
V pu , full load

Vfull-load: Voltage at full load. It may be equal to, above, or

below rated voltage
Vno-load: No load voltage.
Dr.Audih alfaoury 19
 Example:

Solution: V1 2200
a   10
V2 220
S 10000
I1    4.55A
V1 2200
I 2  a.I 1  45.5A
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Dr.Audih alfaoury 22
 This voltage value is case
of no load

Dr.Audih alfaoury 23
Dr.Audih alfaoury 24
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in the
circuit shown below using per unit analysis with an SB of 100
MVA, and voltage bases of 8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV.

Original Circuit

Dr.Audih alfaoury 25
 8kV 2
Zleft
= = 0.64 Left actual j1.0
Base
100 MVA X =
pu = = j1.56
80 kV 2 base 0.64
Middle
Z Base = = 64
100 MVA Middle j24
2
X pu = = j0.375
Z Right
16 kV
= 2.56 64
Base =
100 MVA j1
Right
X pu = = j0.39
2.56
The circuit, with values expressed in per unit.

Xtotal  1.56  0.375  0.39  2.325 pu.

10
Rload = = 3.91 pu. (we select 2.56 as base of Z )
2.56
V=

Dr.Audih alfaoury 26
 V 1.00
I source    0.22  30.8 p.u.
R  jX 3.91  j 2.325
VLoad  V  IZ  1.00   0.22  30.8   
    p.u.
2
V  2
S Load  VL I L 
* L
  0.189 p.u.
ZL 3.91
SGenerator  1.00 0.2230.8  30.8p.u.

Dr.Audih alfaoury 27
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base
Actual
Vload  0.859  30.8 16 kV  13.7  30.8 kV
Actual
Sload  0.1890 100 MVA  18.90 MVA
Actual
S generator  0.2230.8 100 MVA  22.030.8 MVA
100 MVA
I Middle
base   1250 Amps
80 kV
I Actual
Middle  0.22  30.8 Amps  275  30.8

Dr.Audih alfaoury 28
all windings in 3 transformers are constructed
into a common single core
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 If primary is (Δ ) and secondary is (Y) connection

V V
 a, V Y  V  3VY 1 30
VY a
3V Y 1 30
Then in 3 VY 
a
For current we get
I 1
  IY  a I 
IY a
1
IY  3 I    30  I   IY 30
3
1
Y  a IY 30
3

Dr.Audih alfaoury 32
The ideal transformer relations for a two-winding transformer,
can easily be extended to obtain corresponding relations for
an ideal three-winding transformer, these relations are:

V1 V2 V3
N 1I 1  N 2 I 2  N 3 I 3 or  
N1 N2 N3

Dr.Audih alfaoury 33
In per unit fromZ pu 1  Z pu 2  Z pu 3 with differant voltage base then
I 1pu = I 2 pu = I 3 pu and V 1pu V 2 pu V 3pu
where a common Sbase is selected for all three windings( and
voltage bases are selected in rated voltages of the windings
as mention above), also when one winding is left open, the
three-winding transformer behaves as a two-winding
transformer.
The short-circuit tests can be used to evaluate per-unit
leakage impedances, which are defined as:

Z12 = per-unit leakage impedance measured from winding 1, with winding

2 shorted and winding 3 open.
Z13 = per-unit leakage impedance measured from winding 1, with winding
3 shorted and winding 2 open.
Z23 = per-unit leakage impedance measured from winding 2, with winding
3 shorted and winding 1 open.
Dr.Audih alfaoury 34
From Figure with winding 2 shorted and winding 3 open, the
leakage impedance measured from winding 1 is:
Z 12  Z 1  Z 2 ( Z 3  0) its open
Z 13  Z 1  Z 3 ( Z 2  0) open
Z 23  Z 2  Z 3 ( Z 1  0) open
mathmatically soliving for Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 we get :
1
Z 1  ( Z 12  Z 13  Z 23 )
2
1
Z 2  ( Z 12  Z 23  Z 13 )
2
1
Z 3  ( Z 13  Z 23  Z 12 )
2
*Note the shunt admittance branch is neglected
Dr.Audih alfaoury 35
 Example:
The ratings of a single-phase three-winding transformer are
for winding 1 is (300 MVA, 13.8 kV) ,winding 2 is (300 MVA,
199.2 kV ) and winding 3 is (50 MVA, 19.92 kV),The leakage
reactance's, from short-circuit tests, are:
X12 = 0.10 per unit on a 300-MVA, 13.8 kV base
X13 = 0.16 per unit on a 50-MVA, 13.8 kV base
X23 = 0.14 per unit on a 50-MVA, 13.8 kV base
Winding resistances and exciting current are neglected.

Calculate the impedances of the per-unit equivalent circuit

using a base of 300 MVA and 13.8 kV for terminal 1.
Solution :
Sbase = 300 MVA is the same for all three terminals. Also, the
specified voltage base for terminal 1 is Vbase1 = 13.8 kV.

Dr.Audih alfaoury 36
X13 and X23 was measured on a 50MVA base we need to
converted on base of 300MVA .
 300 
X 13  0.16     0.96 p.u.
 50 
 300 
X 23  0.14     0.84 p.u. then
 50 
1
X 1  (0.1  0.96  0.84)  0.11 p.u.
2
1
X 2  (0.1  0.84  0.96)  0.01p.u.
2
1
X 1  (0.84  0.96  0.1)  0.85p.u.
2
Note : The base voltages for terminals 2 and 3 are then Vbase2 = 199.2 kV and Vbase3
= 19.92 kV, which are the rated voltages of these windings.also;

Dr.Audih alfaoury 37
 LTC transformers have tap ratios that can be varied to
regulate bus voltages
 The typical range of variation is 10% from the
nominal values, usually in 33
discrete steps (0.0625% per step).
Because tap changing is a mechanical
process, LTC transformers usually have
a 30 second deadband to avoid
repeated changes.

Dr.Audih alfaoury 38
That’s all…

Dr.Audih alfaoury 39