Logarithms are the inverse operation of exponents. They allow expressions with exponents to be written in two equivalent forms: logarithmic form and exponential form. Some key properties of logarithms include: (1) the logarithmic property relating logarithms of multiplied terms, (2) the change of base formula, and (3) the one-to-one correspondence between logarithmic and exponential equations which is used to solve logarithmic equations. Logarithmic inequalities can be solved by determining the range of values where the logarithm is defined and making the inequality true.
Logarithms are the inverse operation of exponents. They allow expressions with exponents to be written in two equivalent forms: logarithmic form and exponential form. Some key properties of logarithms include: (1) the logarithmic property relating logarithms of multiplied terms, (2) the change of base formula, and (3) the one-to-one correspondence between logarithmic and exponential equations which is used to solve logarithmic equations. Logarithmic inequalities can be solved by determining the range of values where the logarithm is defined and making the inequality true.
Logarithms are the inverse operation of exponents. They allow expressions with exponents to be written in two equivalent forms: logarithmic form and exponential form. Some key properties of logarithms include: (1) the logarithmic property relating logarithms of multiplied terms, (2) the change of base formula, and (3) the one-to-one correspondence between logarithmic and exponential equations which is used to solve logarithmic equations. Logarithmic inequalities can be solved by determining the range of values where the logarithm is defined and making the inequality true.
Logarithms are the inverse operation of exponents. They allow expressions with exponents to be written in two equivalent forms: logarithmic form and exponential form. Some key properties of logarithms include: (1) the logarithmic property relating logarithms of multiplied terms, (2) the change of base formula, and (3) the one-to-one correspondence between logarithmic and exponential equations which is used to solve logarithmic equations. Logarithmic inequalities can be solved by determining the range of values where the logarithm is defined and making the inequality true.
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INTRODUCTION TO
LOGARITHMS Review exponents: Simplify the given expressions
In this lesson, we will look at it from another perspective. What if the exponent is missing?
Figure out what is the missing number in the following expressions? Exponential form: Logarithmic form:
Note:
In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, is the base. In the exponential form, c is an exponent. But c = This implies that the logarithm is actually an exponent. In the logarithmic form a cannot be negative. For example, is not defined since 2 raised to any exponent will never result to a negative number. The value of can be negative. For example, because Example 1:without using a calculator, find the value of the following logarithmic expression.
Definition
Let and be positive real numbers such that . The logarithm of with base , denoted by , is defined as the number such that That is, is the exponent that b must be raised to produced . Logarithms and exponents allow us to express the same relationship in two different ways. This table shows how the expressions in Example 1 can be written using two equivalent forms.
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
=5 25= 32 =3 3 9 =729 1
5 =5 0
7 =1
Logarithmic form: Exponential form:
Common Logarithms are logarithms with base 10; the
base is usually omitted when writing common logarithms. This means that is a short notation for .
Logarithms with base e are called natural logarithms,
and are denoted by “”. In other words, is another way of writing Representation of real-life situation In chemistry, the pH level measures the acidity of a water-based solution that is measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions (written [ in the solution. It is obtained by pH= -
Ex. A 1-liter solution contains 0.00001 moles of
hydrogen ions. Find its pH level. Basic properties of logarithms
Let b and x be real numbers such that b>0 and b≠1.
1.
2.
3. If , then Example: Use the properties of logarithms to find the value of the following logarithmic expressions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Laws of logarithms
b>0, b≠1 and let n ∊
Let R. For u>0, v>0, then
1. =
2. = Use the properties of logarithms to expand each expression in terms of the logarithms of the factors
1. 2. 3. Use the properties of logarithms to condense the expressions as a single logarithm.
1. 2. 3. Change –of-Base Formula
Let , , and be positive real numbers, with .
Examples. a. (change to base 2) b. (change to base 3) c. (change to base 5) Solving Logarithmic Equations
Rewriting to exponential from Using logarithmic properties Applying the One-to-one property of Logarithmic functions, as stated below. For any logarithmic function , if then . Example. Find the value of in the following equations.
1. (one-to-one property)
2.
(changing into exponential form)
Example. Find the value of in the following equations.
3. (using the property )
(factorization using ) (Zero Factor Property)
Check: 3 is a solution since and are defined.
However, is not a solution since and are not defined. Solving Logarithmic Inequality
Property of Logarithmic Inequalities Given the logarithmic expression , If , then if and only if If , then if and only if Example. Solve the following logarithmic inequalities.
1. Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied. Since the base is
Therefore, Example. Solve the following logarithmic inequalities.
1. Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
