Foundations of Psychology Part I

Foundations of
Psychology
part I
Stecka Mariola
PSYCHOLOGY= PSYCHO = LOGY
◦ - SCIENCE ABOUT DEVELOPING AND CURSE OD PSYCHICAL PROCESS, INDIVIDUAL
PERSONAL FEATURES, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
◦ - HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE HUMAN MIND AND BEHAVIOUR
◦ - CLOSE TO PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIOLOGY
◦ - WIDE
HISTORY
◦ ARYTOTELES – FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY, DIVIDED BODY AND SOUL
◦ KARTEZJUSZ – PSYCHE AS UNITY
◦ WUNT – FIRST EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY

- Types:
- Cognitive psychology
- Social psychology
- Family psychology
- Neuropsychology
- Clinical psychology od Adults
- Clinical psychology od Kids and Teenagers
- Religion psychology
- Marketing psychology
- Etc.
◦ 1897 – FIRST LABORATORY BY WILHELM WUNDT
◦ EMPIRICAL
◦ CAUSE AND CONSECQUENCES
◦ INTROSPECTION – AS A SELF OBSERWATION
◦ - KNOWING UNCONCIOUS BY CONCIOUS
WUNT’S RULE
◦ WHITE PAPER
◦ 1879 -First psychology laboratory
◦ Wilhelm Wundt opens first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig,
Germany. Credited with establishing psychology as an academic discipline, Wundt’s students include
Emil Kraepelin, James McKeen Cattell, and G. Stanley Hall
◦ 1896 Functionalism
◦ Functionalism, an early school of psychology, focuses on the acts and functions of the mind rather than its internal
contents. Its most prominent American advocates are William James and John Dewey, whose 1896 article “The Reflex
Arc Concept in Psychology” promotes functionalism.
◦ Psychoanalysis
◦ The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, introduces the term in a scholarly paper. Freud’s psychoanalytic
approach asserts that people are motivated by powerful, unconscious drives and conflicts. He develops an influential
therapy based on this assertion, using free association and dream analysis.
◦ Structuralism
◦ Edward B. Titchener, a leading proponent of structuralism, publishes his Outline of Psychology. Structuralism is the
view that all mental experience can be understood as a combination of simple elements or events. This approach
focuses on the contents of the mind, contrasting with functionalism.
◦ 1896 First psychology clinic
◦ After heading a laboratory at University of Pennsylvania, Lightner Witmer opens world’s first psychological clinic to
patients, shifting his focus from experimental work to practical application of his findings.
◦ 1900 Interpretation of Dreams
◦ Sigmund Freud introduces his theory of psychoanalysis in The Interpretation of Dreams, the first of 24 books he
would write exploring such topics as the unconscious, techniques of free association, and sexuality as a driving force
in human psychology.
◦ 1905
◦ IQ tests developed
◦ Using standardized tests, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon develop a scale of general intelligence on the
basis of mental age. Later researchers refine this work into the concept of intelligence quotient; IQ,
mental age over physical age. From their beginning, such tests’ accuracy and fairness are challenged.
◦ 1913
◦ Behaviorism
◦ John B. Watson publishes “Psychology as Behavior,” launching behaviorism. In contrast to
psychoanalysis, behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable behavior.
◦ 1920
◦ The Child’s Conception of the World
◦ Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes The Child’s Conception of the World, prompting the study of
cognition in the developing child.
◦ 1921
◦ Rorschach test created
◦ Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach devises a personality test based on patients’ interpretations of
inkblots.
◦ 1935
◦ Gestalt psychology
◦ Kurt Koffka, a founder of the movement, publishes Principles of Gestalt Psychology in 1935. Gestalt
(German for “whole” or “essence”) psychology asserts that psychological phenomena must be viewed
not as individual elements but as a coherent whole.
◦
◦ Humanistic Psychology
◦ In the wake of psychoanalysis and behaviorism, humanistic psychology emerges as the “third force” in
psychology. Led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, who publishes Motivation and Personality in
1954, this approach centers on the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-
actualization.
◦ 1956
◦ Cognitive psychology
◦ Inspired by work in mathematics and other disciplines, psychologists begin to focus on cognitive states
and processes. George A. Miller’s 1956 article “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” on
information processing is an early application of the cognitive approach.
◦ 1973
◦ Homosexuality removed from DSM
◦ After intense debate, the American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The widely used reference manual is revised to state
that sexual orientation “does not necessarily constitute a psychiatric disorder.”
Gestalt (put togehter)
◦ Fatchers of Gestalt: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka
◦ school of psychology founede in the 20th century, connected with modern study of perception
◦ The whole grater then a part
◦ It was an attempt to add humanistic aspect in „sterile” apprach od scientific study of metnal health
GESTALT
◦ PERSON, SHAPE, UNITY, SCEME
◦ BIG BREAK IN PSYCHOLOGY
◦ NEW SCIENCE
◦ CONSCIOUSES AS A ABILITY TO SEE DIRECT REALITY
◦ ABIILITY TO SEE YOURSELF AS HOLE, WITH WHOLE LIFE HISTORY
◦ EMOTIONAL AREA – GESTALT CONCEPT
◦ BOUNDRIES – THEORIES – OPEN, CLOSED, SELECTIVE
KURT LEWIN AND A THEORY OF
SPACE
K. LEWIN
◦ CREATOR OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
◦ HE DESCRIBED REACTIONS BETWEEN PERSONAL SPACE AND ENVIRONMENT, SPACE
AND ENVORONMET ARE UNITY
◦ SPACE IS DEVIDED
◦ IN SPACE THERE ARE NEEDS, WANTS, FORCES
◦ SPACES ARE DIFFERENT BUT THEY WANT TO GAIN HOMEOSTASIS
BEHAVIOURISM
◦ 1913 – BEHAVIORAL MANIFEST THAT NOT CONSCIOUSENSS I IMPORTANT BUT FACTS:
◦ - STIMULUS
◦ -REACTIONS
◦ -BEHAVIOUR
◦ „Dajcie mi dziecko spłodzone przez dowolną parę rodziców i dajcie mi pełną kontrolę nad środowiskiem,
w jakim będzie ono wzrastać - a sprawię, że wyrośnie na wybitnego uczonego, artystę, politycznego
przywódcę, czy też, jeśli tylko będę tego chciał, zostanie pospolitym przestępcą”
EXPERIMENT WITH LITTLE
ALBERT
S–O-R
◦ STIMULUS
◦ ORGANISM
◦ REACTION
◦ Behawioryzm dla Watsona to: „próba dokonania jednej rzeczy – zastosowania do eksperymentalnych
badań nad człowiekiem tego samego rodzaju procedury i tego samego języka opisu, jak wielu badaczy
przez tyle lat uznaje za użyteczne w badaniach nad zwierzętami niżej rozwiniętymi niż człowiek”
(Watson, 1925).
◦ METOHOD – DIRECT OBSERVATION I EKSPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

◦ AIM – FORESEEING AND CONTROLING BEHAVIOUR
SKINNER
◦ WALDEN TWO
◦ BEHIND FREEDOM AND DIGNITY
◦ BEHAVIOUR IS AN EFFECT OF LEARNING AND CREATIVITY
◦ PERSON ALWAYS REACTS ON ENVIORONEMNT, HE IS WHAT IT IS BECAUSE OF IT
◦ SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS DEPENS OF: GENES, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
◦ MANIPULATION
The end

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Foundations of

◦ - HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE HUMAN MIND AND BEHAVIOUR

◦ - CLOSE TO PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIOLOGY

◦ KARTEZJUSZ – PSYCHE AS UNITY

◦ WUNT – FIRST EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY

◦ METOHOD – DIRECT OBSERVATION I EKSPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

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