Industrial automation Using

Microcontroller

By: Engr. Tarique Rafique Memon

Department of Electronic Engineering
QUEST Nawabshah
 Contents
► Introduction
► Parameters consideration for Automation
► Selecting microcontroller
► Internal architecture of Microcontroller
► Applications
 Introduction
Automation
►The control of an industrial process (e.g manufacturing, production
etc) by automatic rather that manual means is often called automation

►Automationcan be defined as a technology that uses programmed

commands to operate a given process
 Basic building block diagram of
Automation

Transducer
Processing/ control Output/ Display
Set point

Appliances
 Sensors/ Transducers
► Level
► Flow
► Pressure
► Temperature
► Humidity
 Controllable applications
► Motors
► Solenoid valves
► Control valves
 Display
► Input Parameters
► Set point
► Indication for Output (alarm)
 Controller
► Takes Input
► Verifies the conditions
► Controls the equipment &
► Displays the output
 Microcontrollers
The prime use of a microcontroller :

► To control the operation of a machine using a fixed

program that is stored in ROM and that does not
change over the lifetime of the system
 Typical Microcontrollers
► The most common microcontrollers are 8-
bit.
► 4-bit are used in high volume very low cost
applications
► 16 & 32 bit are used in high-end
applications. 
► Typical clock frequencies are 12 - 24 MHz
 Different manufacturers of
microcontroller
► Intel
► Atmel
► Philips
► DallasSemiconductors
► Microchip
► Motorola
Criteria for Selecting microcontroller
► meeting the computing needs of the task
efficiently and cost effectively
 speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the
number of I/O ports and timers, size,
packaging, power consumption
 easy to upgrade
 cost per unit
► availability of software development tools
 assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
simulator, technical support
► wide availability and reliable sources of the
microcontrollers.
Different aspects of a microcontroller

► Hardware: Interface to the real world

► Software: order how to deal with inputs

Test case: 8051

► A smaller computer
► On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
 History of 8051
► 1981, Intel MCS-51
► The 8051 became popular after Intel
allowed other manufacturers to make and
market an flavor of the 8051.
 different speed, amount of on-chip ROM
 code-compatible with the original 8051
 form a 8051 family
 Block Diagram
External interrupts
On-chip
Timer/Counter
ROM for
Interrupt program On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control code RAM Inputs
Timer 0

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P2 P1 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data
Pin Description of the 8051
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD0
P1.2 3 38 P
) 0.1(AD1)
P1.3
P1.4
4
5
8051 37
36
P0.2(AD2
P
) 0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 (8031) 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14
(T1)P3.5 15 26 )P2.5(A13
(WR)P3.6 16 25 P
) 2.4(A12
(RD)P3.7 17 24 )P2.3(A11
XTAL2 18 23 P ) 2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
Port 3 Alternate Functions
P3 Bit Function Pin

P3.0 RxD 10
P3.1 TxD 11
P3.2 INT0 12
P3.3 INT1 13
P3.4 T0 14
P3.5 T1 15
P3.6 WR 16
P3.7 RD 17
 MICROCONTROLLER I/O pins

I/O pins are very useful for the following :

► reading Inputs/ reading keypads
► Displaying output
► controlling Motors (PWM) etc.
 A Pin of Port 1

Read latch Vcc

TB2
Load(L1)

Internal CPU D Q P1.X

bus P1.X pin

Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin P0.x
8051 IC
 Writing “1” to Output Pin P1.X
Setb p1.x

Read latch Vcc

TB2
Load(L1) 2. output pin is
1. write a 1 to the pin Vcc
Internal CPU D Q 1 P1.X
bus P1.X pin
0 M1
output 1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin

8051 IC
 Writing “0” to Output Pin P1.X

Read latch Vcc

TB2
Load(L1) 2. output pin is
1. write a 0 to the pin ground
Internal CPU D Q 0 P1.X
bus P1.X pin
1 M1
output 0
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin

8051 IC
 Reading “High” at Input Pin

Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1

TB2 external pin=High
Load(L1)

1 1 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
8051 IC
 Reading “Low” at Input Pin

Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1

TB2
Load(L1) external pin=Low

0 0 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
P1.X

1 M1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
8051 IC
 8051 Family
► Mask programmable
 factory fitted Programs
► OTP one time programmable
 User Programmable
► Reprogrammable
 User Reprogrammable
 Comparison of the 8051 Family Members
► ROM type
 8031 no ROM ; requires external Rom
 80xx mask ROM
 87xx EPROM
 89xx Flash EEPROM
► 89xx
 8951
 8952
 8953
 8955
 898252
 891051
 892051
► Example (AT89C51,AT89LV51)
 AT= ATMEL(Manufacture)
 C = CMOS technology
 LV= Low Power(3.0v)
 Registers

R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register

R5

R6

R7

Some 8-bitt Registers of

the 8051
 Memory mapping in 8051

► ROM memory map in 8051 family

4k 8k
0000H 0000H 0000H

0FFFH
DS5000
-

1FFFH
8751
AT89C51
8752
AT89C52 7FFFH

from Atmel Corporation

from Dallas Semi
RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH

General RAM

30H

2FH
Bit-Addressable RAM

20H
1FH Register Bank 3
18H
17H
Register Bank 2
10H
0FH Register Bank 1
08H
07H
Register Bank 0
00H
Development Cycle of microcontroller based project
 How to interface Devices
► Inputs and Outputs
► Compatibility of I/Os
► Impedance matching
► Selecting right microcontroller
 General diagram of Automation
Sensor
input/Analog Set point

D0~D7

Display

Analog to Digital
8051uc
converter

Actuator

Control
Signals
 Why Microcontroller
Less complex
Cheaper

Example

Thousands hundreds Tens Units

Decoder Decoder Decoder Decoder

Counter Counter Counter Counter

Clk input
 C
1

3
3pF

C
2

3
3pF
X
1 U
1
19 P
0.0/A
D0 39
X
TAL1
38
P
0.1/A
D1
37
CR
YSTA
L P
0.2/A
D2
18 P
0.3/A
D3 36
X
TAL2
35
R
1 P
0.4/A
D4
34
P
0.5/A
D5
C
3 10k P
0.6/A
D6 33
9 32 Q
1
R
ST P
0.7/A
D7
2N
2907
10u
F P2.0/A8 21
22
P2.1/A9
23
P
2.2/A10
29
P
SEN P
2.3/A11
24 Q
2
30 25 2N
2907
A
LE P
2.4/A12
31 E 26
A P
2.5/A13
27
P
2.6/A14
28
P
2.7/A15
1
P
1.0 P
3.0/R XD
10 Q
3
2 11 2N
2907
P
1.1 P3.1/TXD
3 12
P
1.2 P
3.2/INT0
4 13
P
1.3 P
3.3/INT1
5 14
P
1.4 P3.4/T0
6 P 15 Q
4
1.5 P3.5/T1
7 16
P
1.6 P3.6 /WR 2
N2907
8 17
P
1.7 P 3.7/RD
A
T89C
51
 Controller
►Fixed
►Universal controllers

Universal controllers
► Inputin form of 0 ~5v
► 4 ~ 20mA
► 0 ~20mA

Conversion using Transmitter

Exp. Temperature transmitter, pressure transmitter. etc
 Applications of microcontroller
► Personal information products: Cell phone,
pager, watch, pocket recorder, calculator
► Laptop components: mouse, keyboard,
modem, fax card, sound card, battery charger
► Home appliances: door lock, alarm clock,
thermostat, air conditioner, TV remote, VCR,
small refrigerator, exercise equipment,
washer/dryer, microwave oven
► Industrial equipment: Temperature/pressure
controllers, Counters, timers, RPM Controllers
► Toys: video games, cars, dolls, etc.
Microcontroller Applications
Microcontroller Application Area
Sample projects
Car parking gate control
 Car parking gate control program

org 0
mov p0, #00
mov p1, #00
mov p2, #00
mov p3, #00
wait: jnb p1.0, wait1 ; wait for enter into parking
acall here ; if inside goto here subroutine
wait1: jnb p1.2, wait ; wait for leave parking
acall here1 ; if leave parking goto here1
here: setb p2.0 ; start motor1 for open d gate
limit1: jnb p3.0, limit1 ; start motor1 until it strikes to limit switch
clr p2.0 ; after defined time stop d motor
switch: jnb p1.1, switch ; wait for input when the car cross the entering door
setb p2.1 ; when gate crossed start motor1 in revese direction to close d gate
limit2: jnb p3.1, limit2 ; start motor1 in reverse direction until it strikes to the other limit
clr p2.1 ; after closing the door now stop motor1
inc a ; start counter to count number of cars on seven segment display
mov p0, a ; display result on port 0 'use decoder'
ret ; return from subroutine
here1: setb p2.2 ; start motor2 for open d gate
limit3: jnb p3.2, limit3 ; start motor2 until it strikes to the other limit
clr p2.2 ; after defined time stop d motor
switch1:jnb p1.3, switch1 ;wait for input when the car cross the exit door
setb p2.3 ; when gate crossed start motor2 in revese direction to close d gate
limit4: jnb p3.3, limit4 ; start motor2 until it strikes to the other limit
clr p2.3 ; after closing the door now stop motor2
dec a ; count down
mov p0, a ; display result on port 0
sjmp wait ; restart
end