Essentials of Human Anatomy

Introduction

Chapter 1

Dr Fadel Naim
Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
IUG
 DEFINITION OF ANATOMY
• Anatomy
– Greek=to cut up, or dissect
– The science that deals with the structure of the body
• Kinds:
– Gross Anatomy
– Microscopic Anatomy
– Developmental Anatomy
– Comparative Anatomy
 Gross Anatomy
• Definition:
– Study of structures with the naked eye.
• Kinds:
– Regional:
• body studied by region.
– Systemic:
• body studied by system.
 Microscopic Anatomy
• Definition:
– Study of structures under the microscope.
• Kinds:
– Cytology:
• The study of cells.
– Histology:
• The study of tissues.
– Organology:
• The study of organs.
 Developmental Anatomy
• Definition:
– The study of anatomical changes in a life
cycle.
• Kinds:
– Embryology:
• The study of prenatal development (before birth).
– Postnatal development:
• The study of structures after birth.
 Comparative Anatomy
• Definition:
– Comparison of structures between organisms.
• Kinds:
– Vertebrate:
• Comparison of structures among the vertebrate
classes.
 Physiology

The science that studies the function of body

structures.
Structure and function can not be completely
separated.
Form is related to function
 STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
A. The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)]. An
atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element.
Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to form…
B.molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A
molecule is defined as a particle composed of 2 or more
joined atoms. Molecules combine with other molecules to
form…
C.macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids). A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule.
Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules to
form…
D.organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes). An
organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which
performs a particular function. Organelles collectively
compose ...
 Levels of Organization
E. cells: The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure
and function of living organisms!
Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular
function (i.e. a red blood cell has a biconcave shape and is a
nucleate. This structure increases its surface area, allowing
for the transport of more oxygen.
Some cells have all of the machinery that they need to
live.

Similar cells are arranged into...

F. tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous). A
tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that performs a
specialized function. Two or more tissues combine to form...
 Levels of Organization
G. organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as a
structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a
specialized function. Two or more organs combine to form...
H. systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular, ….). A
system is defined as a group of organs that act together to
carry on a specialized function. There are 11 organ systems
that collectively form the...
I. human organism An organism is the most complex
level of organization and is defined as an individual living
thing.
J. The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to
include; populations, communities, ecosystems, and
the biosphere.
Body Systems
 Integumentary System
• Components
– Skin
– Hair, nails
• Functions
– External covering
– Protection
– Synthesis of vitamin D
– Location of sense receptors
 Skeletal System
• Components
– Bones
– Joints and adjacent cartilages
• Functions
– Support
– Protection
– Movement
– Blood cell production (red bone
marrow)
– Mineral storage (calcium and
phosphorus)
Muscular System
• Components
– Skeletal Muscles
– Associated Connective
Tissues (tendons)
• Functions
– Locomotion
– Manipulation of the
environment
– Facial expression
(communication)
– Maintain posture
– Produce heat
 Circulatory System
• Components
– Cardiovascular System
– Lymphatic System
• Function
– Transportation of materials
within the body.
– To and from internal and
external environments.
 Cardiovascular
System
• Components
– Heart
– Vessels
• Functions
– Transportation of blood.
– Blood contains O2 and CO2,
nutrients, wastes, etc.
– Blood is composed of
plasma and cells.
Lymphatic System
• Components
– Lymphatic Organs
(spleen, lymph nodes,
thymus, etc.).
– Lymphatic Vessels.
• Functions
– Transportation of lymph.
– Lymph is derived from
tissue fluid.
– Houses white blood cells.
 Immune System
• Components
– Immune organs (bone
marrow, thymus, etc.)
– White blood cells
(lymphocytes,
macrophages, etc.)
• Function
– Defense (Immune
response).
Nervous System
• Components
– Central Nervous System (CNS):
Brain & Spinal cord.
– Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS): Nerves, sense receptors
• Functions
– Control system (fast, “hard
wired”)
– Response to external and
internal environments
Endocrine System
• Components
– Glands that secrete
hormones.
– E.g., pituitary, pancreas,
thyroid, …..
• Functions
– Control system (slow,
“chemical”)
– Regulates processes such
as growth, reproduction and
nutrient use.
Respiratory System
• Components
– Lungs
– Tubing ( trachea, bronchus,
etc.)
– Larynx (vocal cords)
• Functions
– Exchange of respiratory gases
(O2 and CO2) between blood
and atmosphere.
– Voice production.
Digestive System
• Components
– Alimentary canal (mouth,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine &
large intestine)
– Accessory organs (liver,
salivary glands & pancreas)
• Functions
– Break down of food into small,
absorbable pieces.
– Absorption of nutrients into
blood.
– Eliminate waste products.
Urinary System

• Components
– Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
• Functions
– Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood.
– Between blood and external environment.
– Regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base
balance.
Reproductive System
• Components
– Male Reproductive System
– Female Reproductive System
• Functions
– Perpetuation of the species.
– Hormones influence structure
and function.
– Sexually dimorphic species.
 Anatomical
Terminology
 Anatomic position is a
specific body position in
which an individual stands
upright with the feet parallel
and flat on the floor.
 The head is level, and the
eyes look forward toward
the observer.
 The arms are at either side of
the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away from
the body.
 Anatomical
Terminology
 A plane is an
imaginary surface
that slices the body
into specific
sections.
 The three major
anatomic planes of
reference are the
coronal, transverse,
and sagittal planes.
 Sections
and Planes

A coronal plane, also

called a frontal plane, is
a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
 Sections
and Planes
 A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal
plane, cuts
perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body
or organ separating it
into both superior
(upper) and inferior
(lower) parts.
 Sections
and Planes
 A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through the
body or organ
vertically and
divides the structure
into right and left
halves.
 Sections and Planes

 A sagittal plane that passes in the body midline is

called midsagittal plane.
 A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane,
but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a
parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
 A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes
through the specimen at an angle.
 Directional Terms of the Body

Directional terms are precise and brief, and

for most of them there is a correlative term
that means just the opposite.
 Relative and Directional
Terms of the Body
 Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back side)
of the body:
 Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
 Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
 Dorsal =At the back
side of the human body
 Ventral = At the belly
side of the human body
 Relative and Directional
Terms of the Body
 Relative to the head or
tail of the body:
 Superior = Toward the
head or above.
 Inferior = Toward feet
not head.
 Caudal = At the rear or
tail end.
 Cranial = At the head
end.
 Relative and Directional
Terms of the Body
 Relative to the midline or
center of the body:
 Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
 Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
 Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
 Superficial = On the
outside
 Relative and Directional
Terms of the Body
 Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
 Proximal = Closest to
point of attachment to
trunk
 Distal = Furthest from
point of attachment to
trunk
 Anatomic Terms
• Cephalic=head • Brachial=arm • Tarsal=ankle
• Frontal=forehead • Antecubital=front • Hallux=big toe
• Nasal=nose elbow • Occipital=base of
• • Olecranal=back elbow skull
Orbital=eye
• Antebrachial=forearm • Vertebral=spinal
• Buccal=cheek
• Scapular=shoulder
• Oral=mouth • Popliteal=posterior
blade
• knee
Cervical=neck • Dorsum=back
• Sural=calf
• Mental=chin • Lumbar=loin
• Carpal=wrist
• Acromial=shoulder • Sacral=between
• Palmar=palm hips
• Sternal=breast
bone • Pollex=thumb • Perineal=between
• Axillary=armpit • Digital=fingers/toes anus and genitalia
• Pubic=genital • Femoral=thigh
• Thoracic=chest
• Patellar=anterior knee • Calcaneal=heel
• Mammary=breast
• Plantar=sole
• Crural=leg
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

HUMAN BODY

Axial Portion Appendicular Portion

Head
Arms
Neck
Legs
Trunk
 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

Membrane :
a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
covers a vital (visceral organ) =
VISCERAL MEMBRANE
 lines a body cavity = PARIETAL
MEMBRANE

• There is a space between a visceral and parietal

membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for
lubrication.
• There are specific names for the membranes around the heart,
lungs, and abdominal organs:

 Serous Membranes of the Lungs:

• The membrane on the surface of the lung is called
• visceral pleura.

• The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are
located is called
• parietal pleura.

• The space between these two membranes is called

• pleural cavity
• it is filled with serous fluid.
Serous Membranes of the Heart:
• The membrane on the surface of the heart is called:
• visceral pericardium.
• The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is
located is called:
• parietal pericardium.
• The space between these two membranes is called:
• pericardial cavity
• it is filled with serous fluid.
Serous Membranes of the Abdominal
Organs:
• The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach,
etc. is called:
visceral peritoneum.
• The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is
called:
parietal peritoneum.
• The space between these two membranes is called the
peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Organization of the Body
Organization of the Body
 Abdominal Divisions
• Quadrants: 4
– Right Upper
Quadrant
– Right Lower
Quadrant
– Left Upper
Quadrant
– Left Lower
Quadrant
Abdominal Divisions
• Regions: 9
– Rt. Hypochondriac region.
– Rt. Lumbar region.
– Rt. Iliac (Inguinal) region.
– Epigastric region.
– Umbilical region.
– Hypogastric (Pubic) region.
– Lt. Hypochondriac region.
– Lt. Lumbar region.
– Lt. Iliac (Inguinal) region.
THE END