JUTE,COTTON AND SILK

SUBMITTED BY - SALONI RAJ , ANKITA MOULICK , DYUTI KUMARI

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JUTE

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 BAST FIBRE: PLANT FIBRE COLLECTED FROM
THE PHLOEM OR BAST SURROUNDING THE STEM OF
C E RTA I N D I C O T Y L E D O N O U S P L A N T S .  

JUTE
Jute fibre- the natural cellulose bast
fibres from plant and vegetable.
Composed of cellulose and lignin.
The industrial term for jute fiber is raw
jute. The fibers are off-white to brown,
and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long.
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   Land preparation

 Jute rotting

C U LT I VAT I O N  Use of pesticides

OF JUTE FIBRE
 Fiber collection

 Sowing the seed in time at

 Washing and dyeing proper distance

 Fiber processing

 Irrigation

 Cutting the jute plant PAG E NO :3

 Carefully washed and dried in the sun

EXTERSION OF JUTE
FIBRE  graded by quality before being baled 

 sent to manufacturers ready for weaving into jute rugs.

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 1.jute is a cellulosic fiber. Its repeating
CHEMICAL unit is also cellulosic. Jute is composed of
COMPOSITION OF 65T cellulose and 35% natural wages, oils

JUTE FIBRE and cements (lignin)

2.Components Percentage (%): Cellulose
65.2 ,Hemi-cellulose 22.2, Lignin 10.8,
Water soluble 1.5, Fat and wax 0.3.

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P H Y S I C A L P R O P E RT I E S
 Tenacity (g/den)  3.5-4.5 or (40-70 g/tex)
Length  0.2-30 inch 
Stretch and Elasticity  Not good and 2% elongation at break
Resiliency Not very good
Abrasion resistance  Relatively good
Dimensional stability  Good 
Moisture regain 13.75%
 Specific gravity  1.48-1.50
Heat resistance  Good 
Specific Heat  0.324
Diameter 18 micron 
 Cross section Uneven, thick cell wall with lumen

Color  Yellowish, Yellow, Brown, Golden 

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C H E M I C A L P R O P E RT I E S
Effect of bleaching  Not affected by oxidizing and reducing bleaching
agents
 Effect of acid  Destroyed by hot concentrated acids. Dilute acids
can’t do harm to the fiber
Effect of alkali  Strong alkali destroy the fiber and strength
reduces 
Organic solvent  Resistant to organic solvents

Effect of mildews Better than cotton and linen 

Effect of insects Resistance is good

Dye-ability  Good, easily dyed 

Electrical and Thermal conductivity  Moderate

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USES OF JUTE FIBRE

 applications in filters, geotextiles, packaging, molded composites, and structural and

nonstructural composites.
 Wrapping materials /fabrics
 Roofing and floor covering
 Footwear lining
 Soil erosion control fabric and many more

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 A D VA N TA G E S D I S A D VA N TA G E S

 Great antistatic properties  The crease resistance of Jute is very low.

 Low thermal conductivity.  Drape Property is not good enough.
 Moisture Regain properties is good enough (about  Create Shade effect and becomes yellowish if
13.75%).
sunlight is used.
 100% Biodegradable; so it is environment friendly fiber
 If Jute is wetted it lose it’s strength.
like Cotton.
 Cheap in market.
 Can be widely used in Agriculture Sector, Textile Sector,
Woven Sector, Nonwoven Sector.
 Jute Fiber can be blended with Natural and Synthetic
fibers.

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COTTON

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 SEED FIBRE:THE FIBERS COLLECTED FROM THE SEEDS OF
VA R I O U S P L A N T S A R E K N O W N A S   S E E D   F I B E R S .
COTTON
Cotton fibre-Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll,surrounds the seed
of cotton plan.
Like the other plant fibres, cotton is essentially cellulose.

Belongs to the family ‘GOSSYPIUM’

Commercial cottons may be classified broadly into three categories-

(1) STAPLE LENGTH 1-2V2 IN. (26-65mm).

(2) STAPLE LENGTH Vz—l5/ie IN. (12-33mm).

(3) STAPLE LENGTH 3/s-l IN. (9-26mm)

Reffered to as the ‘KING OF FIBRES’is most important textile fibre in the world.

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 Two leaves appear on the plant (2 weeks later)

First flower appears (5 or 6 weeks later)

First flower blooms (At 8 to 9 weeks)

Flower fall of leaving boll Seed hairs grow inside the

bolls Fiber length and perimeter achieved (for 16 - 18
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days)

Cellulose is deposited inside the fibers (Next 22 - 50

days)

Bolls picked up manually or by machine (1 - 3 months)

Ginning is done to collect the cotton fibers

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 Cultivation

COTTON FROM FIELD TO Harvesting picking

MILL

Ginning(process of separating from seeds)

Baling

Blending and mixing

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 Ginning the seed cotton

Grading

Spinning

Carding

Drawing

PROCESSING OF Combing

C O T T O N YA R N Spinning

Mechanization

Count

Alkali Treatment

Bleaching

Chemical Modification of Cotton

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Dyeing
 • Cellulose content of the raw cotton fiber ranges
from 88 to 96 %. Cellulose is a polymer of ß-D-
glucose with a specific configuration shown in
CHEMICAL
figure. The cellobiose, repeating unit of
COMPOSITION OF cellulose, consist of two beta glucose molecules
COTTON FIBRE linked together at the 1:4 carbon atoms.
• Each successive glucose unit is rotated 1800
around the molecular axis. This gives a linear
polymer chain that is almost flat therefore
suitable for fiber formation.

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 P H Y S I C A L P R O P E RT I E S
Tensile Strength (g per tex/g per denier)
A.Dry 27 – 44 / 3.0 – 4.9
B.Wet 28-57/3.3-6.4
Elastic recovery(by percent)
A.At 2 % Extension 74%
B.At 5% Extension 45%
 Moisture Regain at Standard Conditions 7%

 Water Absorbing Capacity (USP method) >24 grams of water per gram of fiber

8. Density (g/cm3) 1.54

9. Degree of Polymerization 9,000 – 15,000

10. Crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction 73%

(average)
11. Color Creamy white
Specific Gravity 1.54

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C H E M I C A L P R O P E RT I E S
Thermal Resistance A.Long exposure to dry heat above 3000F will cause gradual
decomposition
B.Temperatures greater than 4750F cause rapid deterioration
Effect of sunlight A.Fibre turns yellow
B.Gradual loss of strength
Effect of acids A. Disintegrated by hot dilute acids or cold concentrated acids
B. Unaffected by cold weak acids
Effect of Alkalis Swelling in NaOH above 15% concentration but no damage
Effect of Organic Solvents Resistant to most common industrial and household solvents
Insects not attacked by moth grubs or beetles.
Micro-organisms attacked by fungi and bacteria. Mildews can be formed.

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END USES OF COTTON FIBRE

 accessories
 Fabric
 Garments
 Household purpose
 Carpets and curtains
 Hats
 Medical purposes
 Industrial textiles

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 A D VA N TA G E S D I S A D VA N TA G E S

 Natural fibers free of chemicals  Expensive

 Breathable – Great option for hot  Prone to shrinking
weather
 It is not wrinkle resistant.
 Hypoallergenic and does not
 takes a long time to dry.
irritate skin
 The color fades in sunlight here.
 easier to wash and care for than
other fabrics

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SILK
Protein fibre

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 SILK
Silk is also called Queen of fibres .

It is a natural protein fibre of animal origin. It is

produced by insects in the form of continuous fine
strand of fibres called as filament , to build
cocoons. There are varieties of moth but only a
few are profitable to collect. The best known silk
is obtained from the cocoons of the larve of the
mulberry silkworm Bombyx Mori reared in
captivity

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 Silk producing countries:

 It is said that silk and sericulture ( the production of silkworms) had their origin
in china nearly 2500 BC.
 According to International Sericulture Commission more than 60 countries
around the world produce silk . But the bulk of production is concentrated in

only a handful places – China, India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Japan, Korea,

Thailand and Vietnam

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Global Silk Production (in Metric Tonnes)

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 Types of silk:
 There are four types of silk which are commercially known and produced
in the world – Mulberry silk, Eri silk, Tasar silk and Muga silk. There also
There are also other types of non-mulberry silk, which are mostly wild
and exploited in Africa and Asia, are Anaphe silk, Fagara silk, Coan silk,
Mussel silk and Spider silk.

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.

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 The life cycle of silkworm:
Stage 1 : Egg

The egg is laid by a female moth which is mostly the size of small dots. A female moth lays more than 350 eggs at a time. In the
springtime, the eggs hatch due to the warmth in the air. This procedure happens once in every year.

Stage 2 : Silkworm

A hairy silkworm arises after the eggs crack. In this stage of silkworms, the growth happens. they feed on mulberry leaves and
consume a large amount of these leaves for around 30 days before going to the next stage.

Stage 3 : Cocoon

In this stage, silkworms spin a protective cocoon around itself. It is the size of a small cotton ball and is made of a single thread of silk.

Stage 4 : Pupa

The pupa stage is a motionless stage. In this stage, people kill the pupa by plunging the cocoon into boiling water and unwind the silk
thread.

Stage 5 : Moth

In this stage, the pupa changes into an adult moth. The female moth lays eggs after mating and thus the life cycle of silkworm begins
again.
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.

Processing of silk
Extracting silk from the cocoon is known as the processing of silk.
Silk is separated from the cocoon by exposing it to sunlight. After
the reeling of silk is done, the process of unwinding silk from a
cocoon takes place. Silk thread is then bleached. The silk fibre is
then spun into silk threads.

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 Properties of silk fiber
• Tensile strength: Silk is strong fibre. Its strength is due to linear structure and very crystalline
polymer. Usually 30.9 – 44.1 cN/tex

• Elongation: Silk filament has elongation at break 20-25%.

• Specific gravity: Its specific gravity is 1.25
• Elastic properties: Silk is considered to be mare plastic than elastic.

• Effect of moisture: It absorbs moisture. Its moisture regain is 11%.

• Effect of heat: silk with stand higher temperature of 140 degree centigrade and decompose at
165 degree centigrade. PA G E N O : 1
.

• Effect of age : Silk may suffer a gradual loss of strength if stored not carefully.

• Effect of sunlight : Silk starts decomposition by exposure to strong radiation of sunlight .

• Effect of sunlight: Dilute acids should be used.

• Effect of alkalis: Light alkali like ammonia cause little damage.

• Effect of insects: It can be readily attacked by clothes moth or carpet beetles.

• Effect of microorganism: Silk is resistant to mildew and bacteria unless it is left for some
period of time under extreme conditions.

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 SILK

Advantage Disadvantage

 Luxury fibre, fine smooth filaments with  Very expensive.

lustre.  Difficult to care for - weaker when wet,
 Pleasant handle. water marks, often needs to be dry
 Can now get machine washable silks. cleaned.

  Damaged by perspiration and bleach.

Good insulation properties.
  Creases badly and can't be ironed.
Very comfortable with an elegant drape.
 Not very abrasion resistant.

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APPLICATION OF SILK FIBRE:

 Dietary
 Pharmaceutical
 Biomedical
 Cosmetic
 Automobile
 House Building
 Anti becterial

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 References

Silk

1. www.sciencedirect.com
2. International Sericulture Comission statistics, online: http://inserco.org/en/statistics
3. Taking pictures from Google images
4. www.researchgate.net
5. Textiles: Fiber to Fabric 1983, Gregg Division , McGraw-Hill in English – 6th ed.
By Bernard P. Corbman
6. www.globenewswire.com

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