Module 1 Landscape Design 10092020

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The key takeaways are that landscape architecture involves analyzing, planning, designing, managing and stewarding both the natural and built environment through science and design. It also encompasses a wide range of activities and there are ongoing attempts to define its core essence.

The main factors that affect landscaping design are climate and soil type, budget, time of year, size of the space, and individual needs.

Some elements that make up a landscape are landforms, water bodies, living elements like plants, human elements like buildings and structures, and transient elements like weather.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT
Module-1

Introduction to Landscape Architecture


10/09/2020

Submitted to:- Submitted to:-


Ar.Atul kumar Yadav Jitendra kumar
B.Arch. 9th sem
1667281009
2020-2021
ITM SATP LKO
 ROLE AND SCOPE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE:-
 landscape architecture encompasses the analysis, planning , design,
management, and stewardship of the natural and built environment through
science and design.
 Landscape architects also play a role in preserving and restoring historic
landscapes. Landscape architects who work for government agencies design
sites and landscapes for government buildings, parks, and other public lands,
as well as plan for landscapes and recreation areas in national parks and
forests.
 The scope of landscape architecture’ considers the range of activities that
come under the general umbrella of landscape architecture and the various
attempts to define the discipline’s essence. Four projects are described to
convey the diversity of contemporary practice. They exemplify: high-profile
master-planning, visual impact assessment, art-inflected urban design, and
community engagement.
 One of the manifestations of professionalization is the urge to define a core
curriculum, but this is an impossible demand. Landscape architecture may
have a fluid core, but it does not have a fixed essence. It has borders with
other disciplines, including engineering, art, architecture, urban planning,
and urban design, but these are not fixed boundaries and they are
permeable.
 Factors affecting Landscape:
5 Factors That Affect Landscaping Design:
 It’s hard to know where to start with landscaping design. Selecting the right
plants, trees, and shrubs will maximize your budget and extend the life of
your garden If you’re located near Lincoln, NE, call the experts at Landmark
Landscapes for a consultation. Otherwise, consider these five elements that
affect your landscape design.
 Climate & Soil Type
 The USDA Plant Hardiness Map is a great tool to discover which plants, trees,
and shrubs will thrive in your climate.
 The drainage, richness, texture, and pH level of the soil in your yard
determine what types of plants will thrive there and what kind of watering
systems you’ll need to put in place.
 Budget:-
 Professional landscapers recommend spending about 10% of the value of
your home on landscaping to preserve or increase the property’s worth.
 If your budget doesn’t allow for this amount, try working with a landscaping
consultant to plan the most effective way to use your funds.
 This can prevent bad decisions that lead to further costs down the road.

 Time Of Year:-
 If you live in a rainy or snowy climate, it’s a great idea to start planning your
landscaping design in the winter months.
 This will give you ample time to plan and save for the coming spring, when
the ground temperatures warm and become receptive to new plants.

 Size Of The Space:-


 Whether you’re working with an acre or a 10-foot square patch, there are
endless landscaping designs to take inspiration from.
 Rolling green lawns, stone fountains, garden beds, container plants, water
features, and fire pits are all beautiful elements to consider.

 Ours Needs:-
 Do you enjoy taking care of plants that need seasonal care Are there pets on
the property that might cause damage to delicate species Will the space be
used by children, for hosting parties, or growing herbs and vegetables for the
household? Keep all of these factors in mind as you design your landscape.
 Climatic / Natural conditions:-

 Soil:-

 need to know the composition of soil to get to know why each type is
different. Every kind consists of mineral particles in three different
compositions.
 Sand is the dominant particle, followed by silt, and then clay. The amount of
each particle in the soil decides its texture and various other properties

The following are the kinds of soil that are most suitable for landscape designs:

 Clay soil:

 This kind of soil has dense but tiny particles that play a huge role in retaining
nutrients and moisture.
 The downside of choosing clay soil is that it becomes hard and compact
when left to dry—which means it needs continuous moisture.

 Sandy soil:

 This is the exact opposite of clay soil. Sandy soil has large particles, allowing
the water and nutrients to move easily.
 Silts soil:
 This soil has finer particles that are compactly packed together. This improves
air circulation and drainage within the soil.
 Loam:
 This is the ideal kind of soil for most plants. It has the perfect balance of all
three particles (sand, silt and clay).
 Water:-

 Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless


chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere
and the fluids of all known living organisms.

There are many benefits of adding water features to a landscape design.


 It provides a feel of a natural environment.
 You can recreate a stream, birdbath, or a simple pond in your backyard.
 Since a water source attracts different kinds of birds, small animals, and
insects, kids can learn a lot simply by observing them.
 Don’t worry too much even if your backyard is small in size. In fact, water
features need very less space for installation.

Importance of Having a Water Feature in Your Garden-

Reduces Noise Pollution


 There are different kinds of water features that one can install in a garden.
One of the commonly used feature is a waterfall. Installing a small-sized
waterfall not only enhances its appearance, but also has other benefits to
offer.
Importance of Installing a Birdbath:-
 A birdbath is a nice feature which you can include in your landscape design.
Birds help in keeping the soil aerated.
 Insects are also attracted, which is beneficial for cross-pollination.
 A water feature can change the whole appearance and feel of a landscape.
Water attracts different kinds of insects, birds, and animals.
Flowing Water Soothes the Mind:-
 The time spent in the vicinity of a stream or any water source has a soothing
effect on the mind.
 The reason behind this is, flowing water emits negative ions.
 Research has proved that negative ions play an important role in reducing
stress.
 landforms:-

 A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how
they integrate with natural or man-made features
 A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysical defined landforms
such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes,
ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous
vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings,
and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather
conditions
 Vegetation:-
 They can contribute to a sense of
character and new amenity that
significantly improves the live ability of
subdivisions. Trees are also very
effective at promoting legibility and
way-finding. If used consistently to
strengthen the road hierarchy, people
can find main roads and maintain a
sense of where they are.
Better Vegetation Design:
 Provide street trees and landscaping in public spaces as early as possible, to
maintain continuous habitat, establish long-term amenity and character
features.
 Use vegetation and landscaping to enhance the positive parts of the site and
important future land uses, rather than to hide the negative effects of poor
design decisions.
 Try to use eco-sourced native vegetation, if it fits with the overall landscape
design strategy and helps to create low-maintenance and successful planting.
This will lead to the most ecologically appropriate and climate-resistant
landscaping outcome possible, as well as contributing to local identity.
 Plant trees in places where they will not block high-amenity views and can
grow in a balanced and healthy shape instead of needing to be shaped into
an unnatural form. For example, avoid planting trees where they will need to
be pruned back from overhead power lines.
 Plant street trees in the berm between the vehicle lane and the footpath.
Consider planting trees within the parking lane in formed islands at regular
intervals, especially on local roads. This helps to make trees easy to see,
creates buffer or refuge spaces and can help to slow down vehicles close to
pedestrians by making the carriageway appear narrower.
 Where road space is limited or too narrow to accommodate trees, provide
street trees in the front yard of lots and protect them with legal mechanisms
such as protective covenants or consent notices.

 Temperature:-

 There’s often warm sunlight bouncing under the eaves of buildings and along
other vertical shapes, and then back down.
 Structures and objects in the landscape absorb and reflect both warm and
cool light onto surrounding objects as well as.
 It’s easier to make a warm color cool when painting than it is to make a cool
color warm. Under washes are a great way
 Humidity:-

 Humidity tells you the moisture content of the atmosphere, or how much
water vapor there is in the air
 When the humidity is high it feels oppressive outside because sweat doesn't
evaporate and provide cooling.
 When the humidity is low, you feel cooler but your skin dries out and you get
dehydrated more easily because more moisture is being evaporated from
your body.

 The same thing applies to crops in


high and low humidity. A high water
vapor content is necessary to produce
clouds and precipitation.
 Relative humidity and dew point are
the two main ways to describe
humidity.
 Rainfall:-

 Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from
atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under
gravity.
 Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for
depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth.
 It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water
for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.

 Scale:-
 The principle of Scale refers to the size of
landscape elements in relation to their
surroundings.
 There are two factors to consider – one is the
size of your house, and the other is the size of
objects in the larger landscape
 the top image illustrates a house that is visually
overwhelmed by the landscaping – the shrubs
next to the house are as tall, or taller than the
house, with some even obscuring windows.
And the shade trees are huge in relation to the
house – this scale is too large.
 The middle example is the exact opposite.
 The trees and shrubs look like toys in comparison to the house – the scale of
this landscape is too small.
 The bottom example is what we’re after. The landscape elements are well
suited to the size of the house, hence this represents appropriate scale.
 Material:-
 Concrete. The Basics: Concrete is among the most cost-effective and long-
lasting landscape materials.
 Asphalt. The Basics: Asphalt is made from crushed rock mixed with bitumen,
a sticky petroleum byproduct.
 Brick, Pavers, Flagstone, and Rock. The Basics: Brick, flagstone, and
interlocking pavers are durable...
 Design elements:-

 man-made water bodies:-

 The vector stencils library "Ponds


and Fountains" fountains, waterfall,
pools and water textures.
 Use it to create your landscape
design and garden plans.

 "A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is


usually smaller than a lake.
 A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds. Some
ponds are created specifically for habitat restoration, including water
treatment.
 Others, like water gardens, water features and koi ponds are designed for
aesthetic ornamentation as landscape or architectural features.
 "A fountain is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it
into the air to supply drinking water and/ or for a decorative or dramatic
effect.
 Fountains are used today to decorate city parks and squares; to honor
individuals or events; for recreation and for entertainment.
 A Splash pad or spray pool allows city residents to enter, get wet and cool off
in summer.
 The musical fountain combines moving jets of water, colored lights and
recorded music, controlled by a computer, for dramatic effects.
 Drinking fountains provide clean drinking water in public buildings, parks and
public spaces.
 The shapes example "Design elements - Ponds and Fountains" was created
using the Concept Draw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software
extended with the Landscape & Garden solution from the Building Plans area
of Concept Draw Solution Park.
 landscape furniture:-
 In order to plan the design of street
furniture, one must first plan establish and
define the type of space under consideration
– whether it is a park, a street, a plaza, a
waterfront, a recreational area, or a mall, for
example.
 The initial defining questions are: who are
the potential users of the space, for what
purpose and at what times will it be used,
and how will it serve users when they arrive
there
 Typically, installations where the furnishings have been planned and
coordinated as part of a broader design concept are more successful than
those where they have been selected piecemeal without taking account of
users’ needs, or the architectural character or weather conditions at the site.
Placement of furniture in landscape design-
 The location of the furnishings should be based on their functions and
coherent with the patterns and designs of the hard surfaces at the site.
 The items of furniture should not give the appearance of being cluttered, so
that, for example,
 signs are attached to a single post or column rather than being distributed in
several places; group amenities such as seating areas or telephone booths
are set up where they will be used, such as at pedestrian junctions; and
features like bollards are used minimally
furniture design-
 The furnishings of urban outdoor spaces should be designed with the needs
of the disabled, children, and the elderly in mind, and also to enable
triangulation .they should be linked together to stimulate social encounters
and encourage people to talk to strangers.
 In public spaces this stimulus can be created by the selection and
arrangement of the street furniture; for instance, if benches, rubbish bins
and telephones are far apart, they may have the effect of drawing people
apart, whereas if they are arranged closely linked with other amenities such
as a coffee cart, they tend to bring people together quite naturally.
Safety and Security:-

 Furniture items designed for outdoor spaces must be constructed of safe


materials and designed to prevent injury, without sharp edges or exposed
fasteners.
 They are usually either attached to the ground with anchor bolts (for
example, using surface mounting, attaching a bench to a concrete slab), or
embedded in the ground. Naturally, the technique used for mounting
should be decided on in advance, so the furniture can be made accordingly.

Materials Used in Furniture:-

 Furniture selection and design should take into account weather effects such
as sunlight, expansion and contraction, wind stress, moisture, and in some
cases, salt spray, frost, or ice. The best designs usually incorporate strong,
simple shapes, native materials, and natural finishes, generally in black, grays,
and earth tones, accented with bright colors.
 The most popular materials used are steel and wood; other possibilities are
stone, concrete, recycled plastic and various other materials.

 Landscape lighting

 Landscape lighting or garden lighting


refers to the use of outdoor illumination
of private gardens and public
landscapes; for the enhancement and
purposes of safety, nighttime aesthetics,
accessibility, security, recreation and
sports, and social and event uses.

Lighting components-
 There are many different types of landscape lighting systems, controls and
switching, wiring connections, fixture types, functions-purposes-styles, and
light sources.
 To better understand how to design for a landscape , the two main
elements-
 that make up outdoor living spaces are known as hardscape and softscape.
 The easiest ways to remember the differences: Hardscape and softscape are
the complete opposites of each other, yet both are necessary to make a
landscape fully functional. Both terms are often used to emphasize the
distinction between the two.
 Hardscape is the hard stuff in your yard: concrete, bricks, and stone.
Softscape is the soft, growing stuff, like perennial flowers, shrubs, succulents,
and trees. Softscape is living; hardscape is not.

 Hardscape Elements:-

Once you know the distinction, the characteristics of hardscape make sense.
Among them:

 Hardscape can be thought of as "hard," yet movable, parts of the landscape,


like gravel, paving, and stones.
 They are inanimate objects.
 Hardscape is solid and unchanging.
 Other examples of hardscape include retaining walls, pavers for paths or
patios, outdoor kitchens, water features, gazebos, decks, and driveways.
 It can be natural, like stone, or manmade, like an outdoor structure or a
planter.
 Hardscape materials have different effects on the environment. Pavement,
which is hardscape, prevents water from soaking into the soil, thus increasing
runoff, which can carry contaminants into streams. Porous materials allow
water to soak into the soil.

 A shrub is not hardscape.


 Softscape:-
 Plants are available in a variety of colors, shapes, textures, and sizes. When
selecting softscape:
 Plants are available in a variety of colors, shapes, textures, and sizes. When
selecting softscape:
 Change and evolve constantly, as they grow and adapt to climate and other
conditions.
 Are softer to the touch, quite literally. Think about touching the leaves of a
tree or perennial, or blades of grass. They are soft, not hard.
 A brick wall is not softscape.
 Principles of Landscape Design:-
 The principles of landscape design are guidelines, or tools, that designers use
to create attractive, pleasing and comfortable landscapes.
 The landscape design principles are proportion, order, repetition and unity.
Proportion Proportion refers to the size of an object in relation to other
objects in the landscape.
 BALANCE:-
Balance is simply a sense of equality.
There are two types of balance in design: symmetrical and asymmetrical balance.

 In symmetrical balance, two sides of the landscape are identical while in


asymmetrical balance, the landscape composition is balanced using different
elements and objects which have almost similar imaginary weight.
 Everything that is placed in a design
will carry a certain visual weight
with it. Balance is the concept of
ensuring the weight feels even
throughout the plan.
 A plan with formal balance will have
both sides mirroring each other,
while informal balance refers to
equal but not matching. Both can
work well.
 SEQUENCE
 Sequence refers to how transitions in
the elements of plant size, shape and
texture are used. Gradual changes of
one element at a time offer a smooth,
appealing sequence.
 Abrupt changes from a tall plant to a
short one or a fine-textured plant to a
rough one do not work well.
 UNITY
 Unity in landscaping is the repetition and consistency of a design. Repetition
is used to bring about unity in your design by repeating like elements which
include plants and decor in the landscape.
 Consistency is used to create unity by fitting different elements of a
landscape together to create a common unit or theme

 Unity is the concept that everything works


together. Interconnection is gaining unity by
using connections such as paths, walkways, stairs
and fences to physically link areas.

 Repetition is when an aspect of design is unifying because it occurs in several


areas. Repetition can be helpful but take care not to overuse it. Dominance is
when other areas appear to unify in support a single focal point, perhaps a
large tree.

 repetition:-

 Repetition is directly related to unity. It’s good to have several elements and
forms in a garden, but repeating the same elements gives your design various
expressions.
 Too many objects that are not related can make your design look unplanned
and cluttered. Also, don’t overuse an element since over using an element
can make your design feel boring, uninteresting, and monotonous.

 Symmetry:-

 In symmetrical balance, two sides of the landscape are identical while in


asymmetrical balance, the landscape composition is balanced using
different elements and objects which have almost similar imaginary weight.
 Hierarchy:-

 Hierarchy is another principle of design that directly relates to how well


content can be processed by people using a website.
 It refers to the importance of elements within a design. The most important
elements (or content) should appear to be the most important.
 Hierarchy is most easily illustrated through the use of titles and headings in a
design.
 The title of a page should be given the most importance, and therefore
should be immediately recognizable as the most important element on a
page. Headings and subheadings should be formatted in a way that shows
their importance in relation to each other as well as in relation to the title
and body copy.

 Conclusion:-
 In With these 8 basic principles of landscape design designing a landscape
can be a nice way of unleashing your creativity.
 Utilizing, colors, contrast, and lines all can help influence the design of your
landscape. When creating a new landscape, or sprucing your current one, the
experts at Richard’s Total Backyard Solutions know how to incorporate design
to give you a functional backyard that is also visually pleasing.
 Elements of Landscape Design:-

 A landscape design is like a floor plan for an outdoor area. Like a floor plan, a
landscape design creates a visual representation of a site using scaled
dimensions.
 Landscape plans include natural elements like flowers, trees, and grass as
well as man-made elements such as lawn furniture, fountains, and sheds.
 Landscape designs may also include overlays for irrigation and lighting.
 then lists ten elements of natural design and gives examples of how to
apply them as you develop your landscape to achieve the three basic
categories.
 Learn to appreciate the beauty of nature — the contrasting patterns and
colors.
 Minimize disturbance of existing native growth — restoring nature is a lot
harder than leaving it be.
 Decide how closely you want to emulate the natural landscape — the
“surrounding landscape, client dictates, architectural style, site characteristics
and the scale of the site” will be a factor
 Allocate open space, transitional areas and landscape type — include edges
with the natural landscape patterns
 Include native plant communities which match the conditions of the site
plants out of place will not thrive
 Consider future changes to the landscape because of natural processes
ecosystems are not static
 Occupy all the spaces — reduce the opportunity for unwanted species to
invade.
 Preserve rainwater on site — include rain gardens, ponds, wet basins and
porous paving surfaces.
 Reduce high-maintenance lawns — use low maintenance native grasses such
as sedges and fescues, mosses and low-lying flowering perennials like violets
and wild strawberry.
 Exclude invasive, exotic plants — maintain the diversity associated with
native plants
 Landform:-

 A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how
they integrate with natural or man-made features

 A landscape includes the physical


elements of geophysical defined
landforms such as (ice-capped)
mountains, hills, water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living
elements of land cover including
indigenous vegetation, human
elements including different forms of
land use, buildings, and structures, and
transitory elements such as lighting
and weather conditions
 water:-
 It is difficult to imagine another element so central and so vital both to basic
life and to a diverse range of aesthetic and recreational pleasure.

 The use of water in the built environment is thousands


of years old and is interwoven throughout its long
history with symbolism and religious rites as well as with
sensual delight.
 Water Gardens typically include the integration of
artificial ponds, streams, waterfalls, statues, rocks,
aquatic plants, fishes, watercourses and fountains with
the natural surroundings and environment in order to
create a pleasing atmosphere.
 Platescape:-

 “Platescape” is a collection of plates which invite


people to interact with patterns that one
inspired by the symbols of landscape design.
 Thus, we can transform plates into trees and
create our own garden or forest on the table or
even on the wall.
 Containers are relatively small objects that are
part of the built environment as small-scale
forms of material culture.
 Many types of vessels are commonly used to contain foods and beverages ,
including plates, bowls, glasses, cups, packages, boxes, bags, wrappers ,
bottles, jars, cans, and other forms.
 Platescapes represent the sum of the visible attributes of a particular plate or
similar food container.
 The form , design, and other information observed in a platescape can exert
many influences on food intake
 Microclimate:-
 A microclimate (or micro-climate) is a local set of atmospheric conditions that
differ from those in the surrounding areas, often with a slight difference but
sometimes with a substantial one.
 Microclimates are spaces in any given landscape where the temperature and
climate significantly differ from the immediate surroundings.
 Microclimates occur naturally in the natural world and can also be created
through human design. They depend on the concentration of certain natural
elements in specific places.
 A climate-responsive landscape design can create a more livable urban
microclimate with adequate human comfortability.
 The combination of shade trees over grass is the most effective landscape
strategy for cooling the microclimate. The findings from the paper can equip
urban designers with knowledge and techniques to mitigate urban heat
stress.

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