Errors PPT 1

ERRORS in Pharmaceuticals Analysis
Rajendra S Bandal
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Quality Assurance.
Svpm’s College of Pharmacy,
Malegaon(Bk) Tal.Baramati
RSB 1
Errors:
The word “error” has a very specific meaning in science:
error is simply the difference between an observed result
and the “true,” “actual,” “known,” or “accepted” value.
It is a way of expressing accuracy, or how close a measurement is

to the “true” value.
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Error can be reported several ways.
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Determinate or systematic error
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Sr. Characteristics Determinate Indeterminate Error
No. error
1 Origin Source can be observed No Source can be observed
2 Magnitude Large Small
3 Direction Unidirectional No direction
4 Reproducibility Reproducible Not Reproducible
5 Effect Affect the No Affect on

measurement measurement
6 Remedy Minimization possible, No elimination

elimination in some
cases possible
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These
types of
errors
obtained
Methodic
due to
Error classical
methods
s as these
methods
involves
no. of
steps.
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MnNH4PO4 ---- Mn2P2O7 +2NH3+H2O
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OR
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Parameter Accuracy Precision
Defination Closeness of a measured value with Agreement amongst the

true or accepted value observation
Indicator Reliability of method Reproducibility of
method
Measure Measured in terms of absolute and Standard deviation is the
relative error measure of the precision
Evaluation Evaluated for single observation Evaluated for set of

observation
Calculation Can be calculated if true or accepted No need to know true or
value is known accepted value is
Relation Good degree of accuracy Good precision can not

between accompanied by good precision guarantee good
Accuracy & precision accuracy
Precision
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Precision and Accuracy
Measurements that are close to the “correct” value are accurate.
Measurements which are close to each other are precise.
Measurements can be
accurate and precise;
precise but inaccurate;
neither accurate nor precise.
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Measures of Central Tendency and
Dispersion
Mean

The mean is the most widely used measure of the
central value. It is denoted by x
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Median:
When quick measure of central value is to be decided
and when gross errors are suspected the central
tendency of a group of results can be expressed in
terms of median by arranging the observations either
in ascending or descending sequence. Median means
the middle value.
Ex. 1) 10.3,10.4, 10.5,10.7,10.8 (odd number of total observation
the median is middle value i.e. 10.5)
2) 10.2, 10.3,10.4, 10.5,10.7,10.8 ( even number of total
observation, the median is average of the middle pair of
observations i.e. 10.45) 23
Mode:
The observation which occurs most frequently (i.e.
which is repeated maximum number of times) in a
series of observations is known as mode. It is yet another
quick measure of central value if the number of
observations is not too small.
For example, the mode of the set of data: 12,6, 12,7, 12.9, 12,7,
12.6, 12.8, 13.0, 12.5, 12.6, the value 12.6 is the mode since this
is occurring with maximum frequency (three times).
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Measures of Dispersion
Deviation

The error of a measurement can not be stated if the true value
of the quantity is not known. It is meaningful then to take the
difference between a particular measured value (observation)
and the arithmetical mean of a series of measurements and
this difference is called as its deviation for apparent error.
A deviation is generally taken without regard to sign. It is
defined mathematically as,
d= Xi-X

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Average Deviation
The average deviation (a.d.) or the mean deviation is
the average of individual deviations:
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Relative Average Deviation :
The ratio of the average deviation to the mean is
known as Relative Average Deviation (RAD) which
can be expressed as percent average deviation when
multiplied by 100, thousand average deviation when
multiplied by 1000.
X 100
X 100o
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Measures of Dispersion for
set of observation
1) Range:
The difference between the largest and smallest values in a

set of measurements is known as the range.
It tells the spread of data. The range is often used, with
appropriate factors that depend on the number of
measurements, as a quick statistics to a rough estimate of
precision.
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2) Standard Deviation:
It is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of

Individual deviations.
3) Variance: Square of standard deviation is called as

Variance.
Variance=s2
4) Coefficient of Variation: Ratio of standard deviation to

mean ,and its expressed as percentage.
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ERRORS in Pharmaceuticals Analysis

It is a way of expressing accuracy, or how close a measurement is

1 Origin Source can be observed No Source can be observed

2 Magnitude Large Small

3 Direction Unidirectional No direction

4 Reproducibility Reproducible Not Reproducible

5 Effect Affect the No Affect on

6 Remedy Minimization possible, No elimination

Defination Closeness of a measured value with Agreement amongst the

Evaluation Evaluated for single observation Evaluated for set of

Relation Good degree of accuracy Good precision can not

The difference between the largest and smallest values in a

It is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of

3) Variance: Square of standard deviation is called as

4) Coefficient of Variation: Ratio of standard deviation to

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