Unit 4 Construction Equipments p2

Construction Equipments and Methods Unit 4
Construction Equipment types:

1. Excavating Equipment
2. Hoisting Equipment
3. Earth Compaction Equipment
4. Grading and Finishing Equipment
5. Equipment for mixing concrete
6. Equipment for mixing Asphalt
7. Hauling Equipment
8. Loading Equipment
Earth Compaction Equipments

 Soil Compaction is the process of removing entrapped air from the soil mass
 Compaction would improve engineering properties of soil
Main Objectives of compaction

To reduce or prevent settlement
To increase the strength of the soil
To improve the bearing capacity of the soil
To control volume changes of the soil
To lower the permeability of soil

The compaction of soil can be achieved by any of the following methods
1. By impact ( Sharp blows )
2. By vibration ( Shaking )
3. By pressure ( Static Weight )
4. By kneading ( Rearranging soil particles)
The effectiveness of different compaction methods

depends on the type of soil being compacted.

Appropriate compaction methods for different type of soil
Material Impact Pressure Vibration Kneading
Gravel Poor No Good Very Good
Sand Poor No Excellent Good
Silt Good Good Poor Excellent
Clay Excellent Very Good No Good


Types of available compacting rollers
1. Smooth wheeled rollers

2. Grid rollers
3. Sheep foot rollers
4. Tamping rollers
5. Smooth drum vibrating soil compactors
6. Pad drum vibrating soil compactors
7. Pneumatic – tired rollers
Smooth wheel rollers

 This type of rollers are useful for compaction of cohesive
soil
 This type of rollers can be used to compact silt, sandy soil, etc.
 The weight of these rollers varies from 5.5 tones to 24.0

tones



Sheep foot rollers

 Sheep foot rollers consists of a hollow drum
 On the periphery of the drum, pads or projections of the

shape of the sheep’s foot are attached.
 Due to the shape of these projections, the roller is called

sheep foot roller.
 To obtain the desired weight of the drum, it is filled with

moist sand and stones.
 This roller can be used to compact silty sand and sandy

clay, Clayey soils, Medium and heavy clay.
Sheep foot rollers

Sheep foot rollers

Grid Rollers
 In this roller, an iron grid made of 4.0 cm diameter rods is

used to compact the cohesion less soil.
 Usually two rollers attached to the axle of the machine.
 Concrete blocks, rock pieces etc. can be put on these

rollers to increase the weight.
 This roller can be drawn by tractor at a speed of 16 km / hr

Grid rollers
Grid rollers
Grid rollers
Tamping Rollers
 These rollers are similar to sheepsfoot rollers with lugs of
larger area than sheepsfoot rollers.
 The tamping or pressing foot rollers are high speed, non
vibrating rollers
 These rollers have four steel padded wheels.
 The pads are smaller at their face than at their base at the
drum.
 The working speed of rollers vary from 13 kmph to 19 kmph

Tamping rollers
Vibrating compactors
 Vibration create impact forces, which result in greater
compacting power than an equivalent static load.
 Vibratory compactors are more economical than static load

rollers.
 Vibratory compactors are the best option for non cohesive

soils such as sand, gravel etc .
 Vibratory compactors may be smooth drum vibratory

compactors or padded drum vibratory compactors.
Smooth drum Vibratory compactors

Smooth drum vibratory compactors

Padded drum Vibratory compactors

Pneumatic tired rollers

 These are surface rollers and work on the principle of
kneading action to produce compaction.
 The rear tires are spaced in such a way that they travel
over the surface between the front tires, ensuring the
complete coverage .
Pneumatic tired rollers

Grading and Finishing Equipments
 Grading is the process of bringing earthwork to the desired

shape and elevation (or grade).
 Finish grading or finishing involves smoothing slopes,

shaping ditches and bringing the earthwork to the elevation
required by the plans and specification.
Motor Grader
 Motor grader is one of the most versatile earthmoving
equipment.
 It can be used for light stripping, grading, finishing,

trimming, bank sloping, ditching, back filling and scarifying
 It is also capable of mixing and spreading soil and

asphaltic mixtures.
 It is used on building construction projects as well as in

heavy and highway construction
Motor Grader
Motor Grader
Grade Excavators or Trimmers

 Grade excavators or trimmers are machines capable of
finishing roadway and airfield sub grades and bases faster
and more accurately than motor graders
 They are capable of scarifying and removing soil and old

asphalt pavement.
 Trimmers are usually equipped with integral belt conveyors

that are used for loading excavated material into haul
units.
Grade Excavators
Grade Excavators
Grade Excavators
Grade Excavators
Equipments for mixing concrete
 Concrete is produced by mixing Portland cement , coarse

aggregate, fined aggregate and water
 Some times another component, an additive, will be added

to improve the workability or other properties of the concrete
mix.
 The construction operations involved in the production of

concrete include
a. Batching
b. Mixing
c. Transporting
d. Placing
e. Consolidating
f. Finishing
g. Curing
Batching
The process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and
additives prior to mixing concrete is called batching
 If the ingredients are measured by weight, it is

called weigh batching
 If the ingredients are measured by volume, it is

called volume batching
Mixing
Concrete mixers are available as wheel mounted units,
portable plants and stationary plants.
 The wheel mounted concrete mixer is used for small

projects where ready mixed concrete is not available
 Trailer mounted mixers are capable of mixing and

transporting the concrete
Transporting and handling the concrete

A number of different items of equipment are available for
transporting concrete from the mixer to its place of use.
a. Transit mixer trucks or Agitator trucks

b. Dump trucks
c. Conveyors
d. Pumps
e. Cranes with concrete buck
Concrete mixing
Dump trucks
Conveyors
Concrete mixing
Concrete mixing
Equipments for mixing Asphalt

 Bituminous materials include both asphalt and tar
 Bituminous surfaces are used to provide a roadway wearing

surface and to protect the underlying material from moisture.
 Bituminous surfaces are produced by mixing solid particles

(aggregates) and a bituminous material.
 Asphalt plants are used to produce hot mix asphalt (HMA)

from asphalt cement.
Paving and Surface Treatment
 Both concrete and asphalt mixes are used to construct

pavements.
 Asphalt pavements are called flexible pavements and

concrete pavements are called rigid pavements.
Asphalt Paving
 The bituminous or asphalt distributor is used to apply liquid
bituminous material
Asphalt Paving
Asphalt Paving
Asphalt Paving
Asphalt Paving
Hauling Equipment
• Dump trucks – Used to move clay, dirt, soils, and sands. Side and rear dump trucks dispose
of materials through the body attached to the chassis of the truck.
Bottom dump trucks have two gates that open from the bottom to dispose of materials.
• Hauling trucks – Used to transport a fleet of equipment (for general, military, or service
construction) from one location to another.
Loading Equipment
• Forklift:
If materials need to be transported a short distance, forklift equipment can be used. The
lift can move materials both vertically and horizontally. Usually used in warehouses. This
equipment is great for loading and unloading heavy packages/materials.
• Telehandlers:
A telehandler is used for jobs where a forklift is inadequate. It’s more heavy-duty than a
forklift and can access much higher areas as well.

Unit 4 Construction Equipments p2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 4 Construction Equipments p2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 4 Construction Equipments p2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Construction Equipments and Methods Unit 4

Construction Equipment types:

Earth Compaction Equipments

 Compaction would improve engineering properties of soil

Main Objectives of compaction

To increase the strength of the soil

To improve the bearing capacity of the soil

To control volume changes of the soil

To lower the permeability of soil

Earth Compaction Equipments

The compaction of soil can be achieved by any of the following methods

1. By impact ( Sharp blows )

3. By pressure ( Static Weight )

4. By kneading ( Rearranging soil particles)

The effectiveness of different compaction methods

Earth Compaction Equipments

Material Impact Pressure Vibration Kneading

Gravel Poor No Good Very Good

Sand Poor No Excellent Good

Silt Good Good Poor Excellent

Clay Excellent Very Good No Good

Earth Compaction Equipments

1. Smooth wheeled rollers

Smooth wheel rollers

 The weight of these rollers varies from 5.5 tones to 24.0

Smooth wheel rollers

Smooth wheel rollers

Smooth wheel rollers

Sheep foot rollers

 On the periphery of the drum, pads or projections of the

 Due to the shape of these projections, the roller is called

 To obtain the desired weight of the drum, it is filled with

 This roller can be used to compact silty sand and sandy

Sheep foot rollers

Sheep foot rollers

 In this roller, an iron grid made of 4.0 cm diameter rods is

 Usually two rollers attached to the axle of the machine.

 Concrete blocks, rock pieces etc. can be put on these

 This roller can be drawn by tractor at a speed of 16 km / hr

 The working speed of rollers vary from 13 kmph to 19 kmph

 Vibratory compactors are more economical than static load

 Vibratory compactors are the best option for non cohesive

 Vibratory compactors may be smooth drum vibratory

Smooth drum Vibratory compactors

Smooth drum vibratory compactors

Padded drum Vibratory compactors

Pneumatic tired rollers

Pneumatic tired rollers

Grading and Finishing Equipments

 Grading is the process of bringing earthwork to the desired

 Finish grading or finishing involves smoothing slopes,

 It can be used for light stripping, grading, finishing,

 It is also capable of mixing and spreading soil and

 It is used on building construction projects as well as in

Grade Excavators or Trimmers

 They are capable of scarifying and removing soil and old

 Trimmers are usually equipped with integral belt conveyors

Equipments for mixing concrete

 Concrete is produced by mixing Portland cement , coarse

 Some times another component, an additive, will be added