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    Applied Thermodynamics Second Semester 2020

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    NARE EDMUND
    The document provides details about the Applied Thermodynamics course TDA301T. It outlines the 7 lessons that will be covered including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, heating and expansion, nozzles, Carnot and Rankine cycles, refrigeration, steam generation, and chemical equilibrium. It describes the assessments which include tests, assignments, and a practical. It lists reference books and provides the code of conduct. It gives examples of thermodynamic systems and begins discussing the first law of thermodynamics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Applied Thermodynamics Second Semester 2020

    Uploaded by

    NARE EDMUND
    49 views24 pages
    The document provides details about the Applied Thermodynamics course TDA301T. It outlines the 7 lessons that will be covered including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, heating and expansion, nozzles, Carnot and Rankine cycles, refrigeration, steam generation, and chemical equilibrium. It describes the assessments which include tests, assignments, and a practical. It lists reference books and provides the code of conduct. It gives examples of thermodynamic systems and begins discussing the first law of thermodynamics.

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    The document provides details about the Applied Thermodynamics course TDA301T. It outlines the 7 lessons that will be covered including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, heating and expansion, nozzles, Carnot and Rankine cycles, refrigeration, steam generation, and chemical equilibrium. It describes the assessments which include tests, assignments, and a practical. It lists reference books and provides the code of conduct. It gives examples of thermodynamic systems and begins discussing the first law of thermodynamics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    49 views24 pages

    Applied Thermodynamics Second Semester 2020

    Uploaded by

    NARE EDMUND
    The document provides details about the Applied Thermodynamics course TDA301T. It outlines the 7 lessons that will be covered including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, heating and expansion, nozzles, Carnot and Rankine cycles, refrigeration, steam generation, and chemical equilibrium. It describes the assessments which include tests, assignments, and a practical. It lists reference books and provides the code of conduct. It gives examples of thermodynamic systems and begins discussing the first law of thermodynamics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 24

    APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

    TDA301T

    LECTURER: PROF MAURICE ONYANGO


    ASSISTANT LECTURER: N/A
    TUTORS: TO BE ANOUNCED
    Course Outline:
    • LESSON ONE: REVIEW OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
    -Definitions, Examples of Thermodynamic Systems, First Law, Second Law, Perpetual Motion Machine, Tutorials

    • LESSON TWO: HEATING AND EXPANSION


    -Thermodynamics relations, Tutorials

    • LESSON THREE: NOZZLES


    -Introduction, Industrial applications, Thermodynamics Relations, Tutorials

    • LESSON FOUR: CARNOT AND RANKINE CYCLES


    -Introduction, Systems based on Carnot and Rankine cycles, p-v Diagram, T-s Diagram, efficiency and performance, Tutorials

    • LESSON FIVE: REFRIGERATION AND COOLING

    • LESSON SIX: STEAM GENERATION AND POWER PLANTS

    • LESSON SEVEN: ANY OTHER TOPIC SUCH AS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM


    Assessments
    1. Two major tests : 50 %
    2. Three class tests: 30%
    3. Several assignments: 10 %
    4. One practical: 10% (compulsory to pass the module)
    5. Final mark = Mark1+Mark2+Mark3 + Mark4 = 100%
    6. End semester exam: N/A (Continuous assessment)

    NOTE:
    1. Due to Covid-19, this course has been converted to continuous assessment
    2. To pass: (i) the overall course mark must be atleast 50%
    (ii) there is no end semester exams and therefore no suplimentary
    (iii) no missing practical report
    Course Reference Books
    Any Thermodynamics book with Engineering Approaches
    Examples:
    1. Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop and McConkey
    2. Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by Themis Matsoukas
    3. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by JM Smith
    Code of conduct
    • No form of indiscipline will be allowed in the course. This include and not limited to:
    (i) Making noise when the lecture is on
    (ii) Picketing
    (iii) Using mobile phone during the class session
    (iv) Smoking, drinking, eating in class

    • It is the responsibility of the student to attend classes and take all assessments
    LESSON ONE: REVIEW OF FIRST LAWS OF THERMPDYNAMICS

    What does First Law of Thermodynamics tell us?

    And what about the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

    What are some examples of thermodynamic systems at home ?


    Examples of thermodynamic systems at home

    Refrigerator Solar heating system


    Air conditioning at home
    INDUSTRIAL THERMODYNAICS SYSTEMS:
    POWER PLANTS
    EVAPORATION UNITS IN SERIES: PULP AND PAPER
    MILL

    INDUSTRIAL DISTILLATION: REFINERIES, POWER


    ALCOHOL
    Q1. Reversing the Direction of
    Energy transfer
    If you have a cup of hot tea and the surrounding is cold, which
    direction do you expect energy to be transferred?

    cold

    hot
    THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND APPLICATIONS

    ENERGIES
    • GIVE 6 TYPES OF ENERGIES YOU KNOW
    • HOW IS ENERGY TRANSFERRED
    • WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
    • Write conservation energy equation
    • Apply conservation energy equation to various thermodynamic
    systems
    Forms of Energies
    1. Heat (Q )
    2. Work (w)
    3. Internal Energy (U)
    4. Kinetic Energy (KE)
    5. Potential Energy (PE)
    6. Flow Energy (Pv)

    Using the above energies; how do you express the


    first Law of Thermodynamics?
    Please take note:
    The mass, energy and entropy balances for any system undergoing
    any process are expressed as

    1. Mass balance: min - mout = msystem

    2. Energy balance: Ein - Eout = Esystem


    Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal,
    kinetic, and potential, etc., energies

    3. Entropy balance: Sin - Eout + Egen = Ssystem


    Net entropy transfer by heat and mass + generation of entropy =
    Entropy Change
    Energy Transfer
    1.By HEAT ( Conduction, Convection and Radiation)

    2. By Work

    3. By Mass
    QUESTION ONE
    A newly employed chemical engineering graduate buys Polo Vivo for use from
    home to work. The car consumes about 5 L of gasoline a day, and the capacity of
    the fuel tank of a car is about 50 L. Based on this assumption therefore car needs
    to be refuelled once every 10 days. The density of gasoline 0.75 kg/L, and its
    lower heating value is about 44,000 kJ/kg (that is, 44,000 kJ of heat is released
    when 1 kg of gasoline is completely burned). Recently fuel price has been sky-
    rocketing putting enormous pressure on car owners. The manufactures of Polo
    Vivo decide to design a nuclear powered car. Suppose all the problems associated
    with the radioactivity and waste disposal of nuclear fuels are resolved, and a car is
    to be powered by U-235. The new design Polo Vivo car comes equipped with 0.1-
    kg of the nuclear fuel U-235 (heat released for complete fission is 6.73x1010 kJ/kg),
    determine if this car will ever need refuelling under average driving conditions.
    QUESTION TWO

    A chemical process industry uses a rigid tank that


    contains a hot fluid. Unfortunately, the tank is not
    insulated and therefore it is cooled while being stirred
    by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the
    fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid
    loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100
    kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal
    energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the
    paddle wheel
    PROBLEM THREE
    The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by
    the installation of a hydraulic turbine–generator at a location
    where the depth of the water is 50 m. Water is to be supplied at
    a rate of 5000 kg/s. If the electric power generated is measured
    to be 1862 kW and the generator efficiency is 95 percent,
    determine (a) the overall efficiency of the turbine– generator,
    (b) the mechanical efficiency of the turbine, and (c) the shaft
    power supplied by the turbine to the generator.
    The Conservation Equation: 1st Law of Thermodynamics
    W Q

    Inlet 1 Outlet 2

    system

    z2

    z1
    Datum

    Conservation equation: Energy entering the system = energy leaving the


    system ( on unit mass basis for steady state flow)

    U1 + P1 1 + u12 /2 + z1g + Q = U2 + P2 2 + u22 /2 + z2g + W


    Notes:
    1. For negligible potential, kinetic and flow energies
    Q-W = U2-U1 = U

    2. H1 =U1 + P1 1 and H2 = U2 + P2 2 (Enthalpies)

    3.For negligible potential and kinetic energies only


    Q-W = H2-H1 = H
    Applications:
    1. Nozzle
    A nozzle is a device that a. Rate of net energy transfer =
    increases the velocity of a fluid rate of change of energy
    at the expense of pressure
    b. For nozzles: Q= 0; w=0, PE=0

    c. H2-H1 = u12/2 - u22 /2

    u1 u2
    Applications:
    2. Pump
    A pump is a device that adds
    energy to a fluid (increases fluid
    a. Rate of net energy transfer = rate of change
    pressure). The energy is of energy
    requirement is measured in
    terms of shaft work
    P2
    b. For pump: Q= 0
    u2
    P1 z2 c. P1 1 + u12/2 + z1g + Win = P2 2 + u22/2 + z2g
    u1
    z1
    Win d. Where pumps are used to transfer fluid over
    long distances, energy dissipation interms of
    frictional losses must be included in the output
    a. Rate of net energy transfer = rate of
    3. Turbine change of energy
    A turbine is a device that extracts
    b. For turbine: Q= 0
    energy (Wout) from a fluid
    c. H1 + u12 /2 + z1g = H2 + u22 /2 + z2g + Wout
    P1
    u1
    z1
    H1

    Wout
    P2
    u2
    z2
    H2
    a. Rate of net energy transfer = rate of
    4. Compressor change of energy
    A compressor is a device that
    adds energy (Win) to a fluid i.e it b. For Compressor: Q= 0
    increases pressure. Heat transfer
    is negligible unless otherwise c. H1 + u12 /2 + z1g + Win = H2 + u22 /2 + z2g
    indicated P2
    u2
    z2
    H2

    W in

    P1 NOTE: In compressors PE is


    u1
    z1
    negligible i.e. z1 =z2
    H

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