Note 3 - Phase Changes

Phase change
PHASE CHANGE
During phase changes, two physical states of the
substance exist at the same time.
When addition or removal of heat is stopped at

this temperature, the two physical states will
interconvert from one state to the other, and will
be at equilibrium.
PHASE CHANGE
PHASE CHANGE
PHASE CHANGE
Solid-liquid
equilibrium

Molar Heat of Fusion Hfus
•It is the energy required to melt 1 mole of a solid.
For water, the molar heat of fusion is 6.01 kJ / mol.

and its vaporization is 40.7 kJ/mol.
If the heat input is constant, a longer period is needed

for one mole of water to evaporate than the time
needed for the ice to melt.
An 18-gram sample of ice at 0 will need 6.01 kJ of

energy to be completely transformed into liquid
water, still at 0.

Molar Heat of Fusion Hfus
Melting Point ()
Substance ΔHfus (kJ/mol)
at 1atm
Argon (Ar) -190.0 1.3
Benzene (C6H6) 5.5 10.9
Diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5) -116.2 6.9
Ethanol (C2H5OH) -117.3 7.61
Mercury (Hg) -39.0 23.4
Methane (CH4) -183.0 0.84
Water (H2O) 0.0 6.01
Heat Change q
• The heat change (q) for a given sample during
freezing or melting may be calculated using the
equation
q = m Hfus
Liquid-VAPOR
equilibrium

Molar Heat of Vaporization Hvap
It is defined as the energy (usually in kilojoules)
required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given
temperature, usually, at the boiling point.

Molar Heat of Vaporization Hvap
Boiling Point ()
Substance ΔHvap (kJ/mol)
at 1atm
Argon (Ar) -186.0 6.3
Benzene (C6H6) 80.1 31.0
Diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5) 34.6 26.0
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 78.3 39.3
Mercury (Hg) 357.0 59.0
Methane (CH4) -164.0 9.2
Water (H2O) 100.0 40.8
solid-VAPOR
equilibrium

Molar Heat of Sublimation Hsub
It is the amount of energy that must be added to a
mole of solid at constant pressure to turn it directly
into a gas, without passing through the liquid phase
This enthalpy change associated with sublimation

is always greater than that of vaporization even if
both sublimation and evaporation involve changing
a substance into its gaseous state because in
sublimation, the starting physical state of the
substance is the solid state, which is lower in energy
than the liquid state where vaporization starts.

Molar Heat of Sublimation Hsub
Heat change with temperature
change
Specific Heat of Substance Cp
• The
amount of heat received or removed from the
sample to effect a given change in temperature can
be calculated using the specific heat of the
substance.
 It is the amount of heat needed to raise the

temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1.
 It is also equal to the amount of heat lost by 1

gram of substance when its temperature drops
by 1.
Specific Heat of Substance Cp
The specific heat of a substance differs for the solid,
liquid, and gaseous states.
Water as an example, has the following specific heat at

different phases:
H2O(l) = 4.18 J / g °C
H2O(s) = 2.06 J / g °C
H2O(g) = 2.02 J / g °C
Heat Change q
•The
heat change (q) for a given sample
may be calculated using the equation
q = m Cp T
Sample problems
Sample problems
Sample Problem 1: HEAT ABSORBED
You found a piece of Cu weighing 3.10 g imbedded in an

ice block. How much heat is absorbed by the piece of
metal as it warms in your hand from the temperature of
the ice block at 1.5°C to your body temperature of
37.0°C? The specific heat of Cu is 0.385 J/g-°C. Assume
that the metal is pure.
Sample problems
•Solution
in Sample Problem 1:
q = m Cp ΔT
= (3.10 g) (0.385 J/g-°C) (37.0– 1.5°C)
= 42.4 J
Sample problems
Sample Problem 2: heat of fusion
How much energy is required to change 2,600 grams of

ice at 0°C into water at the same temperature?
Sample problems
•Solution
Since the problem indicates no change in temperature

and involves a solid phase, then the formula to be used
is q = m ΔHfus
q = m ΔHfus
= (2,600 g) (6.01 kJ/mol)
= (15, 626 kJg/ mol) (18 g/mol)-1
= 868.1 kJ
Sample problems
Sample Problem 3: heat of vaporization
How much energy is required to change 2,600 grams of

water at 100°C into steam at the same temperature?
Sample problems
•Solution
Since the problem indicates no change in temperature

and involves a liquid phase, then the formula to be used
is q = m ΔHvap
q = m ΔHvap
= (2,600 g) (40.79 kJ/mol)
= (106, 054 kJg/ mol) (18 g/mol)-1
= 5,891.9 kJ
Sample problems
Sample Problem 4: energy requirement
Calculate the amount of energy (in kJ) needed to heat

346 grams of liquid water from 0°C to 182°C . Assume
that the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g °C over the
entire liquid range and the specific heat of steam is 1.99
J/g °C .
Sample problems
Solution in Sample Problem 4:
Step 1: Heating of water from 0°C to 100°C
q1 = m Cp ΔT
= (346 g) (4.184 J/g °C ) (100°C – 0°C )
= 144, 766.4 J
= 144.766 kJ
Sample problems
•Solution
Step 2: Evaporating 346 g of water at 100°C (a phase

change)
q2 = m ΔHvap
= (346 g) (40.79 kJ/mol)
= (14,113.34 kJg/mol) (18 g/mol)-1
= 784.074 kJ
Sample problems
Step 3: Heating steam from 100°C to 182°C
q3 = m Cp ΔT
= (346 g) (1.99 J/g °C ) (182°C – 100°C)
= 56, 460.28 J
= 56.460 kJ
Sample problems
The overall energy required is given by
q T = q 1 + q 2 + q3
= (144.766 + 784.074 + 56.460) kJ
= 985.3 kJ
SImple problems
Simple problems
Problem 1:
Calculate the heat released when 68.0 grams of steam at

124°C is converted to water at 45°C.
Simple problems
Problem 2:
Calculate the amount of heat that must be absorbed by

10.0 grams of ice at 2°C to convert it to liquid water at
60°C.
Given:
Cp (ice) = 2.1 J/g °C
Cp (water) = 4.18 J/g °C
Hfus = 6.0 kJ/mol
Simple problems
Problem 3:
Calculate the amount of heat needed to melt 2.00

kilograms of iron at its melting point (1,809 K), given
that: Hfus = 13.80 kJ/mol.
Simple problems
•Problem
4:
What mass of water would need to evaporate from your

skin in order to dissipate 1.7 x J of heat from your
body?
Given:
Hvap = 40.7 kJ/mol
Simple problems
Problem 5:
How much energy (heat) is required to convert 52.0

grams of ice at 10°C to steam at 100°C?
Given:
Cp (ice): 2.09 J/g °C Hfus = 6.02 kJ/mol
Cp (water): 4.18 J/g °C Hvap = 40.7 kJ/mol
Cp (steam): 1.84 J/g °C
Simple problems
Problem 6:
Acetic acid has a heat of fusion of 10.8 kJ/mol and a

heat of vaporization of 24.3 kJ/mol. What is the
expected value for the heat of sublimation of acetic acid?

Note 3 - Phase Changes

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Note 3 - Phase Changes

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What is phase change?

What is phase change?

What are the different types of phase changes discussed in the document?

What are the different types of phase changes discussed in the document?

Phase change

When addition or removal of heat is stopped at

For water, the molar heat of fusion is 6.01 kJ / mol.

If the heat input is constant, a longer period is needed

An 18-gram sample of ice at 0 will need 6.01 kJ of

This enthalpy change associated with sublimation

 It is the amount of heat needed to raise the

 It is also equal to the amount of heat lost by 1

Water as an example, has the following specific heat at

You found a piece of Cu weighing 3.10 g imbedded in an

How much energy is required to change 2,600 grams of

Since the problem indicates no change in temperature

How much energy is required to change 2,600 grams of

Since the problem indicates no change in temperature

Calculate the amount of energy (in kJ) needed to heat

Step 1: Heating of water from 0°C to 100°C

Step 2: Evaporating 346 g of water at 100°C (a phase

Solution in Sample Problem 4:

Step 3: Heating steam from 100°C to 182°C

Solution in Sample Problem 4:

The overall energy required is given by

Calculate the heat released when 68.0 grams of steam at

Calculate the amount of heat that must be absorbed by

Calculate the amount of heat needed to melt 2.00

What mass of water would need to evaporate from your

How much energy (heat) is required to convert 52.0

Acetic acid has a heat of fusion of 10.8 kJ/mol and a

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