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Static Equilibrium Elasticity and Fracture: Physics For Engineers

This document provides an overview of statics, elasticity, stress, strain, and fracture for engineering students. It defines key terms like equilibrium, static equilibrium, elasticity, Hooke's law, stress, strain, tension, compression, shear stress, Young's modulus, and fracture. Example problems are provided to illustrate how to calculate tensions in cords, balancing forces on a seesaw, material deformation under pressure, and compressive stress on a bone. The document establishes important concepts in structural analysis and material behavior.

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Yeho Shua
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73 views19 pages

Static Equilibrium Elasticity and Fracture: Physics For Engineers

This document provides an overview of statics, elasticity, stress, strain, and fracture for engineering students. It defines key terms like equilibrium, static equilibrium, elasticity, Hooke's law, stress, strain, tension, compression, shear stress, Young's modulus, and fracture. Example problems are provided to illustrate how to calculate tensions in cords, balancing forces on a seesaw, material deformation under pressure, and compressive stress on a bone. The document establishes important concepts in structural analysis and material behavior.

Uploaded by

Yeho Shua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S T A T IC E Q UI LI BR I U M ;

T I CI T Y A ND F R A C T U R E
ELAS ICS F O R ENGINEE RS
PHYS
STATICS
• STATICS IS CONCERNED WITH THE
CALCULATION OF THE FORCES
ACTING ON AND WITHIN
STRUCTURES THAT ARE IN
EQUILIBRIUM.
THE CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM
• EQUILIBRIUM (LATIN FOR “EQUAL FORCES” OR “BALANCE”)
• OBJECTS IN DAILY LIFE HAVE AT LEAST ONE FORCE ACTING ON THEM
(GRAVITY).

• IF THEY ARE AT REST, THEN THERE MUST BE OTHER FORCES ACTING ON


THEM AS WELL SO THAT THE NET FORCE IS ZERO.
THE FIRST CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
• CALCULATE THE TENSIONS F(A) AND F(B) IN
THE TWO CORDS THAT ARE CONNECTED TO
THE VERTICAL CORD SUPPORTING THE 200-KG
CHANDELIER IN FIG. 9–4. IGNORE THE MASS OF
THE CORDS.
THE SECOND CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM
• SECOND CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM : THAT THE SUM OF THE TORQUES ACTING ON AN OBJECT, AS
CALCULATED ABOUT ANY AXIS, MUST BE ZERO
TORQUE
• TORQUE IS DEFINED AS THE PRODUCT OF THE
FORCE TIMES THE LEVER ARM .

• LEVER ARM OR MOMENT ARM IS THE


PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE FROM THE AXIS OF
ROTATION TO THE LINE ALONG WHICH THE
FORCE ACTS.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
• A BOARD OF MASS (M= 4 KG) SERVES AS A
SEESAW FOR TWO CHILDREN, AS SHOWN IN FIG.
CHILD A HAS A MASS OF 30 KG AND SITS 2.5 M
FROM THE PIVOT POINT, P (HIS CENTER OF
GRAVITY IS 2.5 M FROM THE PIVOT). AT WHAT
DISTANCE X FROM THE PIVOT MUST CHILD B, OF
MASS 25 KG, PLACE HERSELF TO BALANCE THE
SEESAW? ASSUME THE BOARD IS UNIFORM AND
CENTERED OVER THE PIVOT.
ELASTICITY; STRESS AND STRAIN
ELASTICITY AND HOOKE’S LAW

• IF A FORCE IS EXERTED ON AN
OBJECT, SUCH AS THE VERTICALLY
SUSPENDED METAL ROD SHOWN IN
FIGURE. THE LENGTH OF THE
OBJECT CHANGES.
ELASTICITY; STRESS AND STRAIN
elastic limit - the object will return to its original length if the applied force
is removed.

If the object is stretched beyond the elastic limit, it enters the plastic region
: it does not return to the original length upon removal of the external force,
but remains permanently deformed

The maximum elongation is reached at the breaking point.

The maximum force that can be applied without breaking is called the
ultimate strength
YOUNG’S MODULUS
• THE AMOUNT OF ELONGATION OF AN OBJECT DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON THE FORCE APPLIED TO IT, BUT ALSO
ON THE MATERIAL OF WHICH IT IS MADE AND ON ITS DIMENSIONS.
STRESS AND STRAIN
TENSION, COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
• AN OBJECT UNDER SHEAR STRESS HAS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE FORCES APPLIED ACROSS ITS OPPOSITE
FACES.
VOLUME CHANGE—BULK MODULUS
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
• ONE LITER OF ALCOHOL (1000 CM^3) IN A FLEXIBLE CONTAINER IS CARRIED TO THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA,
WHERE THE PRESSURE IS 2.6 X 10^6 N/M^2. WHAT WILL BE ITS VOLUME THERE? ASSUME THE ORIGINAL
PRESSURE IS 1.0 X 10^5 N/M^2.
FRACTURE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
• IF A COMPRESSIVE FORCE (F = 3.3 X 10^4 N) IS EXERTED ON THE END OF A 22-CM-LONG BONE OF CROSS-
SECTIONAL AREA 3.6 CM^2 (A) WILL THE BONE BREAK, AND (B) IF NOT, BY HOW MUCH DOES IT
SHORTEN?

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