The temperature of the lead ball will rise by 35°C when it reaches the surface of the earth.
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PHYSICS
FORM 4
CHAPTER 4: HEAT 4.1Relationship between Temperature and Heat TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE HEAT
The degree of hotness Definition A form of energy
Base Quantity Physical Quantity Derived Quantity
Kelvin/ degree celcius Unit Joule/ calorie
Thermometer Measurement No specific measuring
equipment 4.2 Thermal Equilibrium • A condition where two objects in thermal contact reach the same temperature and no net heat transfers between them.
• Two bodies are said to be in thermal
equilibrium when a) They are at the same temperature b) The net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is zero or there is no net heat flow between them. Thermal Equilibrium • Temp P > Temp Q • Heat energy is transferred from P to Q • Net heat transfer ǂ0
• Temp P = Temp Q • Net heat transfer =0 APPLICATION OF THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM MICROWAVE OVEN REFRIGERATOR THERMOMETER a) Oven can maintains it a) Fruit kept in refrigerator a) Used by doctor to temperature using to maintain freshness measured body thermostat temperature of patient b) When raw food is put in b) Can be achieved b) Thermometer is placed the oven, heat from the because the heat produce below the tongue of a oven is transferred to it. from the fruit is release to patient. the cold air in the fridge c) This process will c) This process continue So that the thermometer is continue until thermal until thermal equilibrium is in contact with the mouth equilibrium is reached reached between the fruit and tongue of patient for a between food and the and the fridge. minute to achieved oven thermal equilibrium. d) T food = T oven d) T fruit = T fridge Heat will flow from Hence, fruit maintain in patient’s tongue to the good condition. bulb of the thermometer. 4.3 CHANGE IN THE PHYSICALS PROPERTIES OF SOME MATERIAL WITH TEMPERATURE
• This properties called thermometric
properties • Thermometric properties are suitable for construction of thermometers Eg: a) Expansion of a liquid b) Δ in Volume of a gas c) Δ in Pressure of a gas d) Δ in the Resistance of a conductors e) Δ in the Electromotive Force CALIBRATION OF A THERMOMETER Problem: A thermometer without scale
Inference: A thermometer can be calibrated by determining the melting of ice and boiling point of water under atmospheric pressure MELTING POINT OF ICE Melting point of ice = lo BOILING POINT OF WATER STEAM Boiling point of Water = l100 MEASURING ROOM TEMPERATURE 1. GRAPHICAL METHOD
2. FORMULAE l x lo Tx 100o C l100 lo TYPES OF THERMOMETER AND THEIR STRUCTURE A. Liquid in Glass thermometer B. Thermocouple thermometer C. Resistance thermometer Liquid in Glass Thermometer • Concept: Δ in Volume of a fixed mass of liquid (increase/decrease in volume of liquid when Temp Δ) • Liquid type: mercury / alcohol • Eg: laboratory thermometer, clinical thermometer Thermocouple Thermometer Resistance Thermometer CHECKPOINT A student dips an un-calibrated alcohol-in- glass thermometer in melting ice, then in the steam of boiling water, and lastly in sea water. Each time, the student marks the height of alcohol column reached as shown in diagram. What is the temperature of seawater in °C? Solution: l x lo 45 10 Tx 100 C o 100 C 35 C o o
l100 lo 110 10 Specific Heat Capacity • Heat capacity = mass x specific capacity • Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be supplied to increase the temperature by 1°C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance • Specific heat capacity, c = J kg-1°C-1 • Heat energy Q = mcΔθ Example Calculate the amount of heat capacity needed to raise the temperature of 5kg of aluminum from 20°C to 100°C. Given that caluminium = 900 J kg-1°C-1 solution: Q = mcΔθ = 5 x 900 x (100 -20) = 360 000 J = 360 kJ Example A spherical ball is released from the height of 445 m to the surface of earth. If the clead = 130 J kg-1°C-1, estimate the rise in temperature of the lead ball when it reaches the surface of the earth. Solution: Q = mcΔθ mgh = mcΔθ gh= cΔθ 10 x 445 = 130 x Δθ Δθ = (10 x 445) / 130 = 35 °C
