Kel 8 Biology Aves

BIOLOGY AVES
1. Rosyida Adinia (180210103016)

KELOMPOK 2. Anifatul Mufida (180210103044)
8 3. Risma Diah Aulia (1802010103117)
4. Avida Imatus Sholihah (180210103133)
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AVES 3
Class Aves is one of several classes
included in the Chordata phylum in
kingdom Animalia, and this kingdom
belongs to the Eukarya domain. Group
Aves covers 10,000 types. Aves or birds
have feathers made from keratin.
Feathers that form wings play a role in
flying.
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1. Body usually spindle-shaped, with four divisions: head,
neck, trunk, and tail
2. Forelimbs modified as wings; hindlimbs adapted for

GENERAL perching, walking, or swimming, foot with four toes (2 or 3
CHARACTERISTICS toes in some)
3. Epidermal covering of feathers, thin integument of

epidermis and dermis, no sweat glands, oil or preen gland at
base of tail, pinna of ear rudimentary
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4. Fully ossified skeleton with air cavities, skull bones fused with one
occipital condyle, no teeth, tail not elongate, sternum usually well
developed into keel
5. Nervous system well developed
GENERAL 6. Circulatory system of four-chambered heart, nucleated red blood

CHARACTERISTICS cells
7. Endothermic
8. Respiration by slightly expansible lungs (parabronchi), with thin

air sacs; syrinx (voice box) near junction of trachea and bronchi
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9. Excretory system of metanephric kidney, no bladder,
semisolid urine, uric acid main nitrogenous waste
10. Sexes separate, testes paired, with the vas deferens

GENERAL opening into the cloaca, females with functional left ovary
CHARACTERISTICS and oviduct only
11.Fertilization internal, amniotic eggs with much yolk and

hard calcareous shells, incubation external. More than 90%
monogomous
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How are egg shells made ?
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Egg shell calcification was started before the egg go into the
uterus. The egg yolk which has suffered form Encasement by the
egg white in the shell membrane and the magnum in the isthmus.
The time required for the process that is approximately 180 minutes
in 75 minutes and magnum in the isthmus. A small group of calcium
have been visible on the outside of the shell membrane (outer shell
membrane) before the eggs left the isthmus. The first shells formed
i.e. inner shell be mammilary layer composed of calcite crystals,
followed by an outer shell which is twice thicker than the inner shell
(Suprijatnaet al., 2005).
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The process of the formation of the egg shells will take

approximately 20 hours. The shell is composed of a
build-up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a matrix of
proteins and mukopolisakarida. The last layer of the
shell is the layer of organic material, namely, cuticle that
protects the eggs from pathogenic microorganisms and
minimize water evaporation (Blakely and Bade?, 1998).
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Digestive System
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Digestive System
◦ Because birds lack teeth, foods that require grinding are

reduced in the gizzard.
◦ The poorly developed salivary glands mainly secrete mucus for

lubricating food.
◦ Have an enlargement (crop) of the esophagus at its lower end

that serves as a storage chamber.
◦ The stomach proper consists of two compartments, a

proventriculus, which secretes gastric juice, and the muscular
◦ gizzard, which is lined with keratinized plates that serve as
millstones for grinding food.
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Drinking Behavior
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Respiratory System
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Respiratory System
Birds have lungs, but they also have
air sacs. Depending upon the species,
the bird has seven or nine air sacs.
The air sacs include:
•Two posterior thoracic
•Two abdominal
•Two anterior thoracic
•Two cervical (these are not present
in some species)
•One interclavicular
Air sacs do not play a direct role in
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange,
however they do keep oxygen rich air
moving, in one direction, through the
avian respiratory system.
Excretory System
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Excretory System
Urine is formed in the relatively large paired
metanephric kidneys by glomerular filtration followed
by selective modification of the filtrate in the tubule.
Urine passes by way of ureters to the cloaca. There is
no urinary bladder.
Birds, like reptiles, excrete their nitrogenous wastes as
uric acid, rather than urea. The concentration of uric
acid occurs almost entirely in the cloaca, where it is
combined with fecal material, and the water
reabsorbed.
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Circulation System
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Circulation System
A bird's circulatory system consists of a

four-chambered heart and blood vessels.
With each beat, or stroke, of the heart, a
large volume of blood is carried
throughout the bird's body by vessels
called arteries. Blood is then returned to
the heart by vessels called veins.
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Male Reproduction System Female
 On male animals  Secretions from
there are a pair of the gonads
the testicles regulate
round white.  Secondary
 Testis in the right sexual
of smaller than characteristics
on the left. ovary only one
 From each of the who left, one
testes were pair of ovary,
channel but
efferentia experiencing
diferensia atrophis.
parallel with the  Before it is got
ureter which an egg albumin
originates from and shell in the
ren . oviduct 24
Nervous and Sensory System
The design of a bird’s nervous

and sensory system reflects
the complex problems of flight
and a highly visible existence,
in which it must gather food,
mate, defend territory, incubate
and rear young, and correctly
distinguish friend from foe. The
brain of a bird has well-
developed cerebral
hemispheres, cerebellum, and
optic lobes.
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Nervous and Sensory System
 The senses of smell and taste of some birds are poor, but are
 relatively well developed in many other birds, such as carnivorous
 birds, flightless birds, oceanic birds, and water fowl.
 Birds have good hearing and superb vision, the keenest in the animal
kingdom. As in mammals, a bird’s ear consists of three regions:
1. External ear, a sound-conducting canal extending to the

Eardrum
2. Middle ear, containing a rodlike columella that transmits
vibrations
3. Inner ear, where the organ of hearing, the cochlea, is
located. A bird’s cochlea is much shorter than the coiled
mammalian cochlea, yet birds can hear roughly the same
range of sound frequencies as humans.
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The Anatomy Of A Bird’s Eye Lens Based On Hunting Time
Migrtae Of Bird
In the behavior of sea birds that have the

ability to feel air pressure and can
determine a safe time to migrate.
Nervous sistem of bird, right eye bird

has fotoreseptive protein call
criptocrom, the protein can give
information about magnetic area.
Structure Of Syrink
Structure Of Syrink
Unlike our voice box located above the

trachea, the bird syrinx is located much
lower below it. two airways are prepared
which go straight into his lungs. This means
that the syrinx has two potential sound
sources, one in each bronchus, a membrane
that is separated from each bronchus
producing a separate sound, which then
combines compilation into the higher vocal
tract. This shows that birds can produce
sounds that are far greater than ordinary
Muscular
Feather Structure
The feathers are a hallmark of the class

of aves not shared by other
vertebrates. Almost all the body of
aves covered by feathers, who in a
phylogenetic epidermal the body
derived from, similar to that reptile on
scales.
Flying Skills
 Bone lightly
 Vertebrae, bracelet and shoulders of the pelvis
order coalesce forming a strong
 The sternum extends to dg berlunas puts forth
flight muscles (musculus pectoralis major and
minor musculus pectoraliss)
 The existence of a manubrium crista / carina a
manubrium
 Group of birds are not good at flying (sub class
ratitae)
 Smart group of birds flying (sub class carinatae).
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What is
different?
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The date Analysis was performed by entering the collacted data into
MS-Excel and analyzing further statistics on S-plus and various
species diversity indices specified in PASTV3.18. this status is
very abundant (above 500 individuals), very commont (51-200
individuals). While searching birds are identified according to bird
JOURNAL literature and guidebooks.
ANALYSIS The results of this study were successfully recorded 304 species of
birds included in 18 orders and 69 families in the BFC. The most
species are Passeriformes (38 families), and the least are
Podicipediformes (1 family, 1 species). In addition, the results of
this study also showed that 59% of species are local species, 8%
of summer immigrant birds, 32% of winter immigrant birds, and
1% are wild birds. The birds are subdivided into 6 insectivores, 36
carnivores, 2 frugivores, 13 herbivores, 5 nectarivores, 11
omnivores, and 27 piscivores based on food needs categories.
Seasonal change in bird diversity in BFC
reflects its role in the connectivity of the
lowlands and highlands. The results also
show that BFC has a large number of rare
and threatened species with a low
JOURNAL
ANALYSIS
population. Association and habitat of bird
diversity, in this study found a total of 51
wetland bird species which are mainly
located in river sand lakes from different
parts of BFC. Most BFC areas are covered
by forests which support the highest
number of bird species
THANK
YOU!
Any questions?

47

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BIOLOGY AVES

1. Rosyida Adinia (180210103016)

2. Forelimbs modified as wings; hindlimbs adapted for

3. Epidermal covering of feathers, thin integument of

5. Nervous system well developed

GENERAL 6. Circulatory system of four-chambered heart, nucleated red blood

8. Respiration by slightly expansible lungs (parabronchi), with thin

10. Sexes separate, testes paired, with the vas deferens

11.Fertilization internal, amniotic eggs with much yolk and

The process of the formation of the egg shells will take

◦ Because birds lack teeth, foods that require grinding are

◦ The poorly developed salivary glands mainly secrete mucus for

◦ Have an enlargement (crop) of the esophagus at its lower end

◦ The stomach proper consists of two compartments, a

A bird's circulatory system consists of a

The design of a bird’s nervous

1. External ear, a sound-conducting canal extending to the

In the behavior of sea birds that have the

Nervous sistem of bird, right eye bird

Unlike our voice box located above the

The feathers are a hallmark of the class

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