Concrete structures

Chapter II mechanical properties of steel and

concrete materials
Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
1. stress - strain curves
The upper yield 出现颈缩
point

D
标距
B’ E
A C
B
BC 段为屈服平台 Snap

CD 段为强化段
Lower yield
point


Stress-strain curves

stress - strain curves of compressive and

tensile are almost identical
Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
1. stress - strain curves


0.2

标距

0.2% 

Hard steel
stress - strain curves of compressive and
tensile are almost identical
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
1. stress - strain curves 
D

Strength Index B’ E
A C
B
* Soft steel ： Lower yield point corresponding intensity as a
basis for the design strength, because, it will produce large plastic
deformation of reinforced concrete ,structures will produce an
unrecoverable deformation and cracks can not be closed after
steel yielding,


* Hard steel ： Residual strain is 0.2% corresponding to
the yield strength as a condition of stress. in practical
0.2
application, to take 85% of ultimate tensile strength σb as
desirable yield point .

0.2% 
 Stress-Strain Relation
◆ Rebar with yield point

 a’-proportional limit
fu
e
f
 =Es
b a-elastic limit
fy a
a’ c d b--upper yield strength
c-fy
lower yield strength
cd-yield plateau
 de--strain hardening stage
e--- fu
ultimate tensile strength
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
1. stress - strain curves
To Determine the strength
index

strength Random
variables Probab
ility mean
Stan Densit
dard y
Statistical characteristics
value guarantee a certain rate (rebar is
97.73%) of the value:
Stand
ard
Standard values=mean value
value-2×mean square
deviation
strengt
h
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
1. stress - strain curves 
D
Deformation index B’ E
A C
B
* Elongation radio ： The radio of fractured
length to original length




0.2
* Cold-formed request ： To bent the diameter d
of the reinforcement around the steel roller of
diameter D at an angle and not broken

0.2% 
Index ：
yield strength ： The strength is the design basis.
elongation strain ： Strain of steel pull-off is a index of
reinforced plastic performance .
l  l0
 5 or 10  
l0

Yield strength to ultimate

ratio. It reflects strength
reserve of reinforcement. 弹性变形e
fy/fu=0.6~0.7 。 
残余变形r
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
2. Components, the grad and type of reinforcement
According to the chemical composition
Low carbon steel （ Carbon
content<0.25% ）
Carbon Steel （ Iron, carbon,
middle carbon steel （ Carbon
silicon, manganese, sulfur,
phosphorus and other elements) content0.25~0.6% ）
High carbon steel （ carbon

content 0.6~1.4% ）
Manganese series
Silicon vanadium series
Common low-alloy steel （ Plus
silicon, manganese, titanium, Silicon titanium series
vanadium, chromium, etc. ） Silicon manganese series
Silicon chromium series
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
2. Components, the grad and type of reinforcement
According to working
HPB235 ， HPB300 （ Hot rolled Plain Bars ）， HRB335
Hot-rolled steel ：
、 HRB400 ， HRB500 (Hot rolled Ribbed Bars),
HRBF335 、 HRBF400 ， HRBF500 (Hot rolled Ribbed Bars of Fine
grains),
Reinforce
ment Cold-drawn steel ： Hot-rolled steel At room temperature with a
mechanical stretching
Heat-treated steel ： HRB400 、 HRB500 By heating, quenching and tempering

Carbon wire ： by high carbon steel with cold drawn many times
Nick wire ： Nick the wire surface to enhance adhesion between it and the concrete
Wire

Strand ： The same diameter wires are wounded together

Cold drawn carbon steel wire ： by cold drawn with low carbon steel
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
2. Components, the grad and type of reinforcement
According to the surface shape

Plain round rebar Deformed rebar

Applications of reinforcement

Non-prestressed reinforcement ： HPB235 ， HPB300,

HRB335 ， HRB400 ， HRB500, HRBF335, HRBF400, HRBF500

Prestressed reinforcement ： Carbon wire ， nick wire ， Strand ，

hot-treaded steel ， cold-drawn steel
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
3. common diameter

Plain round bar ： 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

Deformed bar ： 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,

20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 50
Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
4. cold working and hot treatment of reinforcement
Cold tension
Select of K point ： control the
 K’
stress and strain
Z’

K Aging
B
Z
Effect of temperature ： when to700ºC,
back to the state before cold pull
No Aging

Property ： Only improve the tensile

 strength ， not improve the compressive
Residual deformation
strength ， Improve strength, ductility
decreased
Elongation rate of cold working
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
4. cold working and hot treatment of reinforcement
Cold Drawn

By cold Drawn reinforcement is no

apparent yield point and plastic
flow

Cold drawn can both improve the

tensile strength but also improve
the compressive strength
Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
4. cold working and hot treatment of reinforcement

hot treatment Without reducing the strength of the

premise, the elimination of internal
forces generated by hardening, to
improve ductility and toughness

Particular reinforced steel were quenched and

tempered
improve strength, lower
ductility
Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
5. Creep and relaxation of steel

Stress is not changed ， Structure,

creep especially
strain continue increase with
prestressed
time structures
adversely
relaxation The length is not changed affect, need to
， Stress decreases with take the
increase of time necessary
measures
Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
6. Fatigue of steel

Under repeated load ， strength of steel <strength

under static loads Within the prescribed range of stress, after a certain
number of repeated loads, Maximum stress of fatigue
failure is called fatigue strength. By fatigue stress
amplitude to represent fatigue strength of
reinforcement.
Single steel axial tensile to fatigue

Test method

Repeat tensile or flexural buried steel in

concrete
 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
7. Requiems to steel in concrete structures

• strength ： yield strength and ultimate strength ， then radio in seismic design.

•plasticity ： elongation and cold working

•wieldable

•Cohesiveness with concrete

 Strength and deformation
of Reinforcement
8. Mathematical model of stress - strain curve for
steel
s s s
fs,u fs,u

fy fy fy

s=Ess s=Ess s=Ess

s,u

s s s,h s,u s
y s,h y s,h y

Soft steel Hard steel

 Strength and deformation
of concrete
1. compressive strength of concrete under axial
load
Cube compressive strength fcu

Slab friction •Compressive 

Specimendevelopment of
crackexpationdestruction
spec
imen •Other effect ： age, loading
speed 、 size etc.

Not coated coated with

lubricant
with lubricant
强度大于

Our method ： not coated with lubricant

 Strength and deformation
of concrete
1. compressive strength of concrete under axial loading

Cube compressive strength fcu

Standard test block ： 150×150 ×150
standard test block ： 100×100 ×100 Conversion factor0.95
200×200 ×200 Conversion factor1.05

•Cube compressive strength of concrete is indicators of strength grade concrete

,specifications are:
C15 ， C20 ， C25 ， C30 ， C35 ， C40 ， C45 ， C50 ， C55 ， C60 ， C
65 ， C70 ， C75 ， C80
Cube compressive strength

Concrete
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
1. compressive strength of concrete under axial
loading
To determine the
strength indicators

strength Random variables

Probab
ility mean
Densit
Stan y
dard According to statistics, the
valu statistical characteristics
e guarantee a certain rate (95%) Stand
of the use of mathematical ard
value
statistics method to determine s
the value of the ：

Standard value=mean Strength

of
value-1.645×Mean materials
square error
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
1. compressive strength of concrete under axial
loading
Prism compressive streng
th fc
slab
Standard test block ： 150×150 ×300
Non standard test block ： 100×100 ×300 Conversion facto
r 0.95 200×200 ×400 Conversion factor 1.05
Test
bloc
•Taking into account the constraints on the pressure plate to
k
specimen, cube compressive strength is greater than the prism
compressive strength, there for ： fc=0.76fcu (the test results)

•Taking into account the difference between the member and the
specimen ， using fc=0.67fcu
•Cylindrical specimens in the foreign (US, Japan, Europe, concrete associations, etc.)
is used （ d=150, h=300 ）， fc’=0.79fcu
Cylinder compressive
strength
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
2. tension strength of concrete under axial tension
Direct tension test
ft

100

150 150 100

500

•The test results ： ft=0.395fcu 0.55

•Taking into account the impact of the difference between
component and specimen size effect, loading speed,
whichever is ft=0.348fcu 0.55
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
2. tension strength of concrete under axial tension
Splitting Test fts
F F

•By 100mm cube Splitting

Test and compressive test ：
d d
•fts=0.19fcu 3/4

F F fts

2F
f ts 
dl
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
3. tension strength of concrete under composite stress

Strength under biaxial stress

-0.2 tension
1.2 1.0
-0.2
2/fc /fc

 
0.2 

0.1

/fc
1.0 -0.1 0.0 0.6 1.0
Tension Compressive
1.2 strength strength
press 1/fc

Strength curve under Strength curve under normal

biaxial normal stress stress and shear stress
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
3. tension strength of concrete under composite stress

Concrete strength under compression of three direction

Cylinder test
1=fcc ’

 2 =  3 = fL

fL----Lateral f cc '  f c '4.1 f L

restraint stress
(plus hydraulic)
Compressive Compressive strength when
strength no lateral restraint
when lateral
1=fcc’ restraint
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. Fatigue strength of concrete

3 Damage

f cf

atigue 2
rength<fc
1
•Fcf Determining principle ：
when 100×100 ×300 or

150×150 ×450 Prism test
Stress-stain curve under block bear 200 Million
repeated load times （ or
above ） repeat load
and damage, its
maximum
Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete

Stress-stain curve under axial loading

 Concrete strength increases
(MPa)
fc c
25
20 b
15 Slow down the loading speed

10 a
5 d
0
Role is: after the
o
peak stress, to (10-3)
2 4 6 8 10
absorb the
deformation
energy of test
machine, to
measure the
decline segment
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
Mathematical model of Stress-stain curve under axial loading
   
 c  f c 1  0.15 c 0 
 u  0  c
c

fc fc
0.15fc
   2 
 c  f c 1  1  c  
   0      2 
 c  f c 1  1  c  
   0  
c c

0=0.002 u=0.0038 o 0=0.002 u=0.0035

o

Hognestad model Rüsch model

(USA) (German)
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
Mathematical model of Stress-stain curve under axial loading

----Chinese code
c
1
n  2  ( f cu  50),当n  2时，取n  2
60 fc

   n 
 c  f c 1  1  c  
   0  
c

o 0 u

 0  0.002  0.5 f cu  50  10 5  u  0.0033   f cu  50 10 5

 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
When the lateral bound, deformation properties of concrete
c
Hoop
fcc fracture

Confined
concrete
fc
Non-
confined
Ec concrete
Esec c

o c0 2c0 sp cc cu

 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
Stress-stain curve under axial tension ！！！

t
t(MPa)
4
cr =0.00012 ft
3 标 距 ＝
 Theoretical Model
83mm
2
试件：
7619305mm t
1
fc = 44MPa
 (mm) o t0 tu
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete

repeated load
包罗线与一次性加载时
的应力 - 应变曲线相似
 

 

p e
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
The elastic modulus of concrete c

c
Origin tangent modulus （ The elastic
modulus ）：
Ec  tg 0   c /  e
1
 0 c

e p
Deformation modulus （ Secant
c
modulus 、 elasto-plastic modulus ）
Ec '  tg1   c /  c
e
Ec '  Ec  Ec
Tangent modulus
c
d c Compression

Ec ' '  tg  0.4~1.0 ；

d c Tension 1.0
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete

elastic modulus of concrete: test method

（ 150×150 × 300 standard spaciman ）

c/fc
5~10 次
0.5
105
This is substantially
Ec  ( N / mm 2 )
parallel to the tangent
34.74
line of the origin,
whichever slope asEc
2. 2 
c f cu
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
Poisson's ratio and shear modules of concrete

•Poisson's ratio ， compressive is small:0.15~0.18 ， to damage : 0.5 ， in

common :0.2

•shear modules

Ec
Gc 
2(1   c )
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete P

Creep-- deformation properties of concrete under long loads

(×10-3)
•One reason ,for viscous flow
2.5
of gel body
c<0.8fc ， non-linear creep
2.0
c<0.5fc ， linear creep
•Second, the internal micro- 1.5
cracks in the concrete are e’

continuous development  cr
1.0
e’’

cr’
0.5
e

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 ( 月 )
 Strength and deformation
of concrete
4. deformation properties of concrete
Deformation properties of concrete under long loads----Factors affecting creep

•stress ：  c<0.5fc ， Creep deformation and stress is proportional to the linear ----
linear Creep 0.5fc<c<0.8fc ， non-linear creep
c>0.8fc ， concrete damage, not steady.(×10 )
-3

2.5
c<0.8fc ， non-linear
2.0
•loading age of concrete, the sooner, the c<0.5fc ， linear
greater the Creep 1.5
e ’
•The amount of cement, the greater water- cr e’’
1.0
cement ratio, the greater the Creep cr’
0.5
e
•The harder the aggregate, creep smaller 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 ( 月 )
 Strength and deformation
4 deformation properties of concrete
shrinkage---when Harding , volume reduction of the concrete

•Varieties of cement ： The higher the grand, the greater the shrinkage

•Amount of cement ： The amount of cement, the greater water-cement ratio,

the greater the shrinkage

•Aggregate ： The harder the aggregate, the smaller shrinkage

•Curing conditions, production methods, the environment, the volume and

surface area ratio, etc.
 Strength and deformation
4 deformation properties of concrete
When P is removed,
reinforcement is in
Creep compressive ,the
concrete in
tension ,may cause
cracking of concrete
P
P
P

As

c1 c2

As s1 As s2

Creep ：  s ，
 c
 Concrete, subjected to a sustained
compressive force, undergoes an increasing
deformation with time which is additional
to the initial elastic compressive strain.
This additional deformation continues at a
decreasing rate as long as the concrete is
loaded and is known creep, and this may be
obtained from the testing of concrete
cylinders.
 Strength and deformation
deformation properties of concrete

Shrinkage of the concrete structure

As
As

c

As s

Shrinkage ： reinforcement in Compression,

concrete in tensile