Power Factor

Project Title
AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR

COMPENSATION FOR
INDUSTRIAL POWER USE TO
MINIMIZE PENALTY
Under the Guidance of
Submitted by
ABSTARCT
 In this proposed system, two zero crossing detectors are used
for detecting zero crossing of voltage and current.
 The project is designed to minimize penalty for industrial units
using automatic power factor correction unit.
 The microcontroller used in this project belongs to 8051 family.
 The time lag between the zero-voltage pulse and zero-current
pulse is duly generated by suitable operational amplifier
circuits in comparator mode is fed to two pins of a Arduino
microcontroller.
CONTINUED…
 The program takes over to actuate appropriate number of
relays from its output to bring shunt capacitors into load circuit
to get the power factor till it reaches near unity.
 The capacitor bank and relays are interfaced to the
microcontroller using a relay driver.
 It displays time lag between the current and voltage on an
LCD.
 Furthermore, the project can be enhanced by using relay
control to avoid contact pitting often encountered by switching
of capacitors due to high in rush current.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Arduino
Power supply
Transformer
Bridge rectifier
Regulator
Relay
Relay driver
Lcd
Current transformer
 2 inductive load
 Shunt capacitor
Push buttons
Zero crossing detector
ARDUINO
 The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful

single board computer that has gained considerable
traction in the hobby and professional market.
 The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware is
reasonably priced and development software is free.
IMAGE OF DEVELOPMENT BOARD
FEATURES OF DUEMALINOVE
 The Duemalinove board features an Atmel ATmega328

microcontroller operating at 5 V with 2 Kb of RAM, 32 Kb of
flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb of EEPROM for
storing parameters.
 The clock speed is 16 MHz, which translates to about
executing about 300,000 lines of C source code per second
…..CONTD
 The Arduino programming language is a simplified

version of C/C++. If you know C, programming the
Arduino will be familiar.
 If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a few
commands are needed to perform useful functions.
RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to
oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its
terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with
Ohm's law:
V = IR
 Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic

circuits.
 They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment.

Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as
well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such
POWER SUPPLY
230 V AC Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator

50 Hz
5V
DC
12V step down Filter(470µf)

transformer
DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY
 The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down
transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier that
delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of
about 470microf to 100microF.
 The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v constant at
its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.
 The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor
of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit.
 One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of 330ohms
to the ground i.e. negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply availability.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
 Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2
displays.
 This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by
2 lines, respectively.
 The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller
chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates
directly with the LCD.
RELAY
It is a electro magnetic switch
Used to control the electrical devices
Copper core magnetic flux plays main role here

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the itch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is
off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on
RELAY DRIVER (ULN 2003)
ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington transistor

array
It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage
outputs with common-cathode Clamp diode for switching inductive
loads.
The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each Darlington
pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices.
Current, Output Max:500mA
Voltage, Input Max:5V
Voltage, Output Max:50V
Fig: ULN 2003
QUAD VOLTAGE COMPARATOR LM339
FEATURES
● Wide single supply voltage range 2.0VDC TO 36VDC or dual supplies
±1.0VDC to ±18VDC
● Very low supply current drain (0.8 ㎃ ) independent
of supply voltage (1.0 ㎽ /comparator at 5.0VDC)
● Low input biasing current 25 ㎁
● Low input offset current ±5 ㎁ and offset voltage
● Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
● Differential input voltage range equal to the power
supply voltage
● Low output 250 ㎷ at 4 ㎃ saturation voltage
● Output voltage compatible with TTL, DTL, ECL, MOS
and CMOS logic system
● Moisture Sensitivity Level 3
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
 A zero crossing detector is

a comparator with the
reference level set at zero.
It is used for detecting
the zero crossings of AC
signals.
 It can be made from an
operational amplifierwith
an input voltage at its
positive input
CONTINUED…
 A zero cross circuit (or zero crossing circuit) is an
electrical circuit that starts operation with the AC
load voltage at close to 0 Volts in the AC cycle.
 Many opto-triacs come with zero cross circuits built
in.
 They are often used to control larger, power triacs.
 A zero crossing detector or ZCD is a one type of
voltage comparator, used to detect a sine waveform
transition from positive and negative, that coincides
when the i/p crosses the zero voltage condition.
 The applications of Zero Crossing Detector are
phase meter and time marker generator.
INDUCTIVE LOAD
 Inductive loads, also called

lagging loads or inductive load banks
or inductive reactive loads or power
factor loads, are AC loads that are
predominantly inductive in nature so that the
alternating current lags behind the
alternating voltage when the current flows
into the load.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Eagle
 Arduino
BIBILOGRAPHY
 www.atmel.com
 www.beyondlogic.org
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.alldatasheets.com
S ?
RI E
U E
Q
THANK YOU

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Project Title

AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR

Under the Guidance of

 The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful

 The Duemalinove board features an Atmel ATmega328

 The Arduino programming language is a simplified

 Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic

 They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment.

230 V AC Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator

12V step down Filter(470µf)

Used to control the electrical devices

Copper core magnetic flux plays main role here

ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington transistor

 A zero crossing detector is

 Inductive loads, also called

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