Crystallization: Instructor: Zafar Shakoor

Crystallization
Instructor: Zafar Shakoor

Crystallization
• Formation of solid particles within a homogeneous
phase.
• Formation of solid particles in a vapour, as in snow;
• As solidification from a liquid melt,
• As in manufacture of large single crystals; or as
crystallization from liquid solution
• Crystallization of a dissolved solute from a saturated
solution
• Crystallization of part of the solvent itself
• Freezing ice crystals from seawater or other dilute salt
solutions
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Terms and their Explanation
• Magma: The two-phase mixture of mother liquor
and crystals of all sizes, in crystallizer and as with-
drawn as product is called magma.
• Purity of Product: Crystal is nearly pure
– Can retain mother liquor
– Mother liquor in solid mass
– Degree of impurity
• Good yield and high purity is the primary objective
• Crystal Size Distribution
Crystal Geometry
• Highly organized type of non-living matter
• Arranged in 3-D arrays called space lattices
• Polyhedrons, having sharp corners and flat sides, or
faces.
• Angles of the same material are equal.
• Shapes
• Invariant Crystals 6v p
L
sp
• Solubility and yield
MnSO4

• Yield of Crystals can be calculated by knowing

Example 27.1
A solution consisting of 30 wt% MgSO4 is
cooled to 60oF. During cooling, 5 % of the
total water in the system evaporates. How
many kg of crystals are obtained per 1000 kg
of original mixture?
Data: Molecular weight of MgSO4 = 120.4

W = -------- kg
H2 O 100%
F = 1000 kg S = --------- kg
MgSO4 30 % MgSO4 24.5%

H2O 70% H2O 75.5%
Crystallizer
C = --------- kg
MgSO4.7H2O

W = -------- kg
F = 1000 kg
H2O 100%
S = --------- kg
MgSO4 30 %
H2O 70% MgSO4 24.5%
H2O 75.5%
Crystallizer
In 100 kg of liquor
MgSO 4 .7H 2O  246.5   246.5 
 1000  0.3    614 kg 24.5    50.16 kg of MgSO 4 .7H 2O
n solution  120.5   120.4 
water = 1000-35-614 = 351 kg Free Water 100-50.16 =49.84 kg
C = --------- kg Free water in Liquor
 50.16 
MgSO4.7H2O    351  353 kg
 49.84 
Final Crop (C)  614  353  261 kg

Total MgSO 4 .7H 2O  246.5 
1  1000  0.3    614 kg
in solution  120.5 
Free water = 1000-35-614 = 351 kg
In 100 kg of liquor
 246.5 
2 24.5    50.16 kg of MgSO 4 .7H 2O
 120.4 
Free Water 100-50.16 =49.84 kg
MgSO 4 in Liquor at 1000 kg basis

3  50.16   351  353 kg
 
 49.84 
4 Final Crop (C)  614  353  261 kg

Normally, crystallization is
exothermic

Example 27.4
A 32.5 percent solution of MgSO4 at 120oF
is cooled, without appreciable evaporation,
to 70oF in a batch water-cooled crystallizer.
How much heat must be removed from the
solution per ton of crystals?

120oF isotherm
-33 Btu/lb
-80 Btu/lb
32.5 mass
fraction
Supersaturation
• Units for supersaturation
y  y  ys
c  c  cs
c   M y   s ys
c   M  y  ys 
Temperature Difference as a Potential

4VM 
Kelvin Equation
ln  
vRTL
 16  3 2
V N 
B  C exp   2
 M a
2
 3v  RT   ln   
Homogeneous 3
 16 VM N a 
3 2
Heterogeneous
B  10 exp   2
 25
3 2
 3v  RT  s 

Crystal Growth
• Diffusional process, modified by the effect of
the solid surfaces on which the growth occur.
Equation for mass Transfer
m
N A   k y  y  y 
sp
Equation for surface reaction
m
 k s  y   ys 
sp
Screw Dislocation in crystal
surface and movement of
particle into kink
The L law of crystal growth

L  Gt

Vacuum Crystallizer

Draft Tube- baffle

Draft Tube- baffle
With internal system for
fines separation and
removal

MSMPR Crystallizer
1. The operation is steady state.
2. At all times the crystallizer contains a mixed-suspension
magma, with no product classification.
3. At all times uniform supersaturation exists throughout
the magma.
4. The ∆L law of crystal growth applies.
5. No size-classified withdrawal system is used.
6. There are no crystals in the feed.
7. The product magma leaves the crystallizer in equilibrium,
so the mother liquor in the product magma is saturated.
8. 05/18/2021
No crystal breakage into finite particle size occurs.
Dr. Khurram Imran Khan 30
Crystallization from Melts

a n k
Th
y o u !

Crystallization: Instructor: Zafar Shakoor

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Crystallization

Instructor: Zafar Shakoor

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MgSO4 30 % MgSO4 24.5%

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Final Crop (C)  614  353  261 kg

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MgSO 4 in Liquor at 1000 kg basis

4 Final Crop (C)  614  353  261 kg

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Equation for mass Transfer

The L law of crystal growth

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