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Unit 5 Functions

The document discusses C functions including creating functions, function prototypes, parameters, return values, and math functions. It provides examples of defining functions, passing parameters, return values, and using math functions in C code.

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shubhangi
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136 views

Unit 5 Functions

The document discusses C functions including creating functions, function prototypes, parameters, return values, and math functions. It provides examples of defining functions, passing parameters, return values, and using math functions in C code.

Uploaded by

shubhangi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

C Functions

Objectives
• Create functions
• Function prototypes
• Parameters
– Pass by value or reference
– Sending a reference
• Return values
• Math functions
Intro
• Why:
– Divide and conquer
– Reuse abstractions
– Don’t rebuild the bridge
• What:
– Used prepackaged functions
• printf, scanf, rand()
– Create our own
• main
– Pass parameters
– Accept return values
C FUNCTIONS
Some definition: A function is a named, independent section of C code that
performs a specific task and optionally returns a value to the calling program
or/and receives values(s) from the calling program.

 Basically there are two categories of function:


1. Predefined functions: available in C / C++
standard library such as stdio.h, math.h,
string.h etc.
2. User-defined functions: functions that
programmers create for specialized tasks
such as graphic and multimedia libraries,
implementation extensions or dependent
etc.
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Math
• #include <math.h>
• Use any math function
• If c1 = 13.0, d = 3.0 and f = 4.0, then the
statement
printf( "%.2f", sqrt( c1 + d * f ) );
©1992-2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
©1992-2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
• Choose a name
Create your function
– Function should perform a single well defined task
– If you can’t find a concise descriptive name, you may have too
many jobs for the function
• Define a contract
– Inputs
• Arguments – choose type
• None should be noted as void
• Will the function change the parameter’s value?
– Output
• Only one ; by convention, 0 means good
Write prototype
– Looks like function header but has ;
– int square( int y );
– Tells compiler what is valid input and output
– Forces type conversion
• Write body
• Call the function
C FUNCTIONS
 The following figure illustrates function calls (also the memory’s
stack record activation – construction & destruction.

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Sample Function
#include <stdio.h>
int square ( int y ); // function prototype
// function main begins program execution
int main ( void )
{ int x; // counter
for ( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) {// loop 10 times and calc square of x each time
printf ( "%d ", square ( x ) ); // function call
}
puts (""); // add a blank line
}
// square function returns the square of its parm
int square ( int y ) // y is a copy of the x sent
{
return y * y; // returns square of y as an int
}
return
• return serves two purposes:
– It tells the computer the value to return as the
result
– It tells the computer to leave the function
immediately and return the calling function (or
the main program).
• Void return:
– Ex: void printit ( int x );
– You can still return to leave, but without a value
Prototypes
• Looks like function header but has ;
• char square( int y );
• Int square(char z);
• Forces type conversion
• Tells compiler what is valid input and output

• No Overloading
• Every function name can have only one contract
C FUNCTIONS
Passing an array to a function What are the output and
#include <stdio.h> the content of num &
 
// function prototype
mood variables after
void Wish(int, char[ ]); program execution was
 
void main(void) completed?
{
   Wish(5, "Happy");
}

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C FUNCTIONS
#include <stdio.h>
 
void Rusted(char[ ]);
Build this program, show
  the output & what it do?
void main(void)
{
      // all work done in function Rusted()...
      Rusted("Test Test");
      printf("\n");
}
 
void Rusted(char x[ ])
{
      int j;
      printf("Enter an integer: ");
      scanf_s("%d", &j);
      for(; j != 0; --j)
            printf("In Rusted(), x = %s\n", x);
}

A function call from main() that passes a character string and


callee will print the number of character string based on the user
input.
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What Are Reference Parameters?
• Reference parameters do not copy the value of
the parameter.
• Instead, they give the function being called a
copy of the address at which the data is stored.
This way, the function works with the original
data.
• We call this passing by reference because we
are making references to the parameters.
Write SquareInPlace
with Reference Parm
• tell the main program about the change in y by
placing (*) between the data type and variable
name:
int squareInPlace (int *y)
{ *y = *y * *y;
return 0;}
• Send an address instead of the variable contents
using (&) before variable name:
int number = 6;
squareInPlace (&number);
printf(“%d”, number);
Passing Reference Parameters

Any data
number 4.0 y intended for y
in the
function goes
to the
location of
number in the
main
program
Use of math functions in C
// the use of ceil function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
 
int main ()
{
float val1, val2, val3, val4;
 
val1 = 1.6;
val2 = 1.2;
val3 = -2.8;
val4 = -2.3;
 
printf ("value1 = %.1lf\n", ceil(val1));
printf ("value2 = %.1lf\n", ceil(val2));
printf ("value3 = %.1lf\n", ceil(val3));
printf ("value4 = %.1lf\n", ceil(val4));
     
return(0);
}
String Functions in C
// C program to illustrate
// strcmp() function
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
  
int main()
{
  
    char leftStr[] = "g f g";
    char rightStr[] = "g f g";
  
    // Using strcmp()
    int res = strcmp(leftStr, rightStr);
  
    if (res == 0)
        printf("Strings are equal");
    else
        printf("Strings are unequal");
  
    printf("\nValue returned by strcmp() is:  %d", res);
    return 0;
}
C program to find GCD of
two numbers
/ C program to find GCD of two numbers
#include <stdio.h>
 
// Recursive function to return gcd of a and b
int gcd(int a, int b)
{
    if (b == 0)
        return a;
    return gcd(b, a % b);
}
 
// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
    int a = 98, b = 56;
    printf("GCD of %d and %d is %d ", a, b, gcd(a, b));
    return 0;
}
Recursion – Function calls itself
• Method for repetition
• Need a stopping condition
• Need to call with some way to reach the stop
eventually
• Pushes copies of itself onto the stack (memory
use)
©1992-2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
©1992-2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
©1992-2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.

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