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    Soap and Detergent 2

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    Erviani Rahmawati
    The document discusses the history and types of detergents. It describes how the first detergent produced was lauril sodium sulfate. Modern detergents are made from compounds like alkyl benzene sulfonate or linear alkyl sulfonate. There are four main types of detergents: anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. The manufacturing process involves making a slurry of ingredients then spray drying it to form a powder. Detergents work by using surfactants with polar heads and nonpolar tails that form micelles to suspend dirt particles in water. Other ingredients like phosphates and zeolites are used as builders to soften water and improve cleaning.

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    Soap and Detergent 2

    Uploaded by

    Erviani Rahmawati
    332 views37 pages
    The document discusses the history and types of detergents. It describes how the first detergent produced was lauril sodium sulfate. Modern detergents are made from compounds like alkyl benzene sulfonate or linear alkyl sulfonate. There are four main types of detergents: anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. The manufacturing process involves making a slurry of ingredients then spray drying it to form a powder. Detergents work by using surfactants with polar heads and nonpolar tails that form micelles to suspend dirt particles in water. Other ingredients like phosphates and zeolites are used as builders to soften water and improve cleaning.

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    The document discusses the history and types of detergents. It describes how the first detergent produced was lauril sodium sulfate. Modern detergents are made from compounds like alkyl benzene sulfonate or linear alkyl sulfonate. There are four main types of detergents: anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. The manufacturing process involves making a slurry of ingredients then spray drying it to form a powder. Detergents work by using surfactants with polar heads and nonpolar tails that form micelles to suspend dirt particles in water. Other ingredients like phosphates and zeolites are used as builders to soften water and improve cleaning.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    332 views37 pages

    Soap and Detergent 2

    Uploaded by

    Erviani Rahmawati
    The document discusses the history and types of detergents. It describes how the first detergent produced was lauril sodium sulfate. Modern detergents are made from compounds like alkyl benzene sulfonate or linear alkyl sulfonate. There are four main types of detergents: anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. The manufacturing process involves making a slurry of ingredients then spray drying it to form a powder. Detergents work by using surfactants with polar heads and nonpolar tails that form micelles to suspend dirt particles in water. Other ingredients like phosphates and zeolites are used as builders to soften water and improve cleaning.

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    Soap and

    Detergent
    By group 5
    Arif Saeful Rakhmat
    Nadea Kharisma Fauziah
    Erviani Rahmawati Kurnia
    Resta Ratnaningsih
    HISTORY OF DETERGENT

    • The first detergent produced: lauril sodium


    sulfate (NSL) (expensive production process)
    • Detergents by using alkyl benzene sulfonat
    (ABS) (ABS molecules can not be solved by
    microorganisms)
    • Linear alkyl sulfonat (LAS) (biodegradable but
    can form a phenol)
    • Fritz Gunther in 1916, German scientists
    discovered a synthetic surfactants in detergents
    The types of detergent
    Based on the organic compounds they contain
    1.Anionic detergents (DAI)
           The main group of Anionic detergents are:
        a.Long chain (fatty) alcohol sulfate
        b.Alkyl aryl sulfonat
        c. Sulfate and olefins sulfonat
    The types of detergent
    2. Cationic detergent
    The main group of cationic detergents are:
    a. Amine acetate (RNH3) OOCCH3 (R = 8 to 12
    atoms C)
    b.Trimethyl alkyl ammonium chloride (RN (CH3))
    3 + (R = 8 to 18 carbon atoms)
    c. Dialkil dimethyl ammonium chloride (R2N (CH3)
    2) + Cl-(R = 8 to 18 carbon atoms)
    d. Lauril dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (R2N
    (CH3) 2CH2C2H6) Cl
    The types of detergent
    3. Non-ionic detergent.
    The main group of non-ionic detergents are:
      a.Ethylene oxide or propylene oxide
      b.Polymer polioksistilen
         HO (CH2CH2O) a (CHCH2O) b
    (CH2CH2O) cH
                                     CH3
      c. Alkyl amide
         HOCHCH3NH2-HOOCC17O38
                           R
    The types of detergent
    • 4.Ampoteric Detergent

        The main groups of these detergents are:


     a.Sodium lauril sarkosilat
              CH3 (CH2)
    10CH2NHCH2CH2CH2COONa
     b. Sodium mirazol22C CH2
    N CH
    CH2CH2OH
    R-C N
    CH2COONa
    Based on usability:
    1.Fabric washing detergents, containing alkyl
    alcohol etoksilat and fenoletoksilat
    2.Dishwashing detergents contain substances such
    as hand dishwashing detergent
    3.Detergents household cleaners containing
    ammonium chloride hexa dekiltrimetil
    4.Industrial cleaning detergents contain substances
    such as household cleaning detergents
    5.Teeth cleaning detergents that contain sodium
    lauril sarkosionat
    6.Detergents containing fabric softener diokta
    dekildimetil ammonium chloride
    Raw Materials of detergent

    • Detergent Anionik
    1. Alcohol sulphate
    obtained from the whale's body
    alcohol sulfate + alkali saturated fatty

    2. alcohols and unsaturated


     Alkyl aryl sulfonat
    3. Sulfate and olefins sulfonat
        Processed in three ways:
    a. Oxo Process
    RCH2CH2CHO
                                                        co-catalyst aldehydes
    a.1 R - CH = CH2 + CO + H2 CH3
                                                      100-250 atm
    RCH2CHCHO
                                                       160-1750C
                                    
                                                         Ni
    a.2. R - R CH2CH2CHO + H2 -
    CH2CH2CH2O
                                                                            alkohol22
    b. Alfol Process (Ziegar Process)
    Reaction:
    b.1. 2 (C2H5)3Al + Al + 3/2 H2 3(C2H5)2AlH
    b.2.3 (C2H5)2AlH + Al + 3 CH2=CH2
    3(C2H5)3Al
    R’
    • b.3. 3 (C2H5)3Al + Al +HnOCH2 R-Al
    2
    R’
    R”
    b.4 . R-Al + O2 CnH2n+1OH +
    Al(OH)3
    • R”
    • Non-ionic detergent
    Ethylene Oxide
    a.Hydrophobic groups of ethylene oxide + 150-220 °
    C Results (neutralized sulfuric acid and glacial
    acetic acid.)
    b. Amine oxide
    Manufacturing process by oxidizing amine tetriari
    • Amphoterik Detergent
    Reaksi : lauril amina + metil akrilat sodium lauril
    sarkosinat
    CH3(CH2)10CH2NH2 + CH2=CHCOOCH3

    CH3(CH2)10CH2NHCH2CH2- COOCH3
    NaOH -CH3OH
    CH3(CH2)10CH2NHCH2CH2COON
    sodium lauril sarkosinat
    Manufacturing Detergent
    Step 1 - Slurry making
    The solid and liquid raw ingredients aredropped into a large
    tank known as a slurry mixer. As the ingredients are added
    the mixture heats up as a result of two exothermic reactions:
    the hydration of sodium tripolyphosphate and the reaction
    between caustic soda and linear alkylbenzenesulphonic acid.
    The mixture is then further heated to 85oC and stirred until it
    forms a homogeneous slurry.
    Manufacturing Detergent
    • Step 2 - Spray drying
    The slurry is deaerated in a vacuum chamber
    and then separated by an atomiser into finely
    divided droplets. These are sprayed into a
    column of air at 425⁰C, where they dry
    instantaneously. The resultant powder is known
    as ’base powder’, and its exact treatmentfrom
    this point on depends on the product being
    made.
    Manufacturing Detergent
    • Step 3 - Post dosing
    Other ingredients are now added, and the air
    blown through the mixture in a fluidiser to mix
    them into a homogeneous powde
    WORKING MECHANISM of
    DETERGENT
    • How it works influenced by the type of detergent and
    water waste used
    • The molecular structure consists of the detergents that
    are polar head and the tail of non-polar.
    • Detergent as emulgator.
    • Detergen as suspansion agent.
    Surfactants and Builders
    • Surface active agent
    • Consists of two parts namely the nature of polar head
    and the tail of non-polar.
    • Substances that can stabilize or suspension bind
    nonpolar molecules in water C.
    • Surfactants consisting of
         * Cationic Surfactant
         * Anionic Surfactant
         * Surfactant Non-Ionic
         * Amfoteric Surfactant
    SURFACTANTS
     In dilute solution, the
    surfactants do not form
    any particular structure.
    As the concentration is
    increased, however, the
    amphiphiles condense into
    well defined structures.
    SURFACTANT

    The most readily


    formed structure is
    micelles, where the
    surfactants hide the
    hydrophobic tails
    inside a sphere,
    leaving only the
    water-soluble ionic
    heads exposed to
    solution.
    SURFACTANT
     At higher
    concentration,
    surfactants can also
    form elongated
    columns that pack
    into hexagonal
    arrays. The columns
    have hydrophobic
    cores and
    hydrophilic surfaces.
    The columns are
    separated from one
    another by water.
    SURFACTANT
    At extremely high
    concentration (neat soap),
    the surfactants crystallize
    into a lamellar structure,
    with elongated sheets
    separated by thin water
    layers. The structure is very
    reminiscent of the lipid
    bilayers seen in biological
    systems.
    Cationic Surfactant
    • When ionized in solution to form a positive charge
     Used for clothes softener
     Example: Ammonium compounds kuarterner.
    Anionic Surfactant
    • When ionized in solution to form a negative charge
    • Good cleaning power
    •  Generally produces a lot of foam
    •  For example: Alcohol etoksisulfat, alkyl sulfate
    Non-Ionic Surfactant
    • Not ionized in solution so that no electric charge
    • Sadah resistant to water and to clean up well
    • Foam produced little
    • Example: alcohol ethoxylate
    Amphoteric Surfactant
    • Have the ability to positively charged
    • negatively or uncharged in solution,
    • depending on the pH of the water
    • Example: imidazolin, betaines
    Builders
    Other content is important to be able to improve
    the efficiency of surfactant .Its main function
    reduce water hardness
    How to reduce water hardness by
    1.binding
     2.sedimentation
     3.ion exchange
    Additional detergent ingredients
    No Additional matterial Function
    1 Sodium tripolyphsophate Water softener, pH buffer (to reduce
    (STP),Sodium metasilikat alkalinity).

    2 Sodium sulphate Bulking and free-flowing agent


    3 Zeolite Water softener (absorbs Ca2+ and
    Mg2+) in
    contries where STP is not used;
    granulating agent
    for concentrated detergents.
    4 Hidrogen peroksida Bleach
    5 Sodium hipoklorid Bleach clothing
    6 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Increases the negative charge on
    cellulosic fibres
    such as cotton and rayon, causing them
    to repel
    dirt particles (which are positively
    charged).
    EMULSION OF WATER/OIL
    Due Surfactant

    C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- (decomposes rapidly)

    SO3 Na

    C
    C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- (decomposes slowly)
    C

    SO3 Na
    Advantages of Detergents
    – Synthetic detergents clean effectively and lather well even
    in hard water and salt water (sea water). There is no scum
    formation.
    – Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they do not
    decompose in acidic medium. Thus detergents can
    effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic.
    – Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.
    – They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
    – As detergents are derived from petroleum they save on
    natural vegetable oils, which are important as essential
    cooking medium
    Disadvantages of Detergents
    Detergents are surface-active agents and cause a variety of
    water pollution problems.
    • Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents
    and thus are not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal
    wastewaters by the usual treatments is a problem.
    • They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that
    extend over several hundred meters of the river water. This is due
    to the effects of surfactants used in their preparation. Thus they
    pose a danger to aquatic life.
    • They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in
    wastewaters because they form a sort of envelope around them.
    Disadvantages of Detergents
    • Accumulation in the body:  Liver function lowers; the liver loses color and
    begins to show freckles.
    • Strong removal of fat:  Causes skin disease by infecting with germs and
    mold.
    • Used in Shampoo:  Makes hair thin; causes decoloration and hair loss.
    • "Eutrophication":  Laundry detergent causes ecological damage by depleting
    oxygen in waterways.  Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies,
    such as lakes, estuaries, or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients that
    stimulate excessive plant growth (algae, periphyton-attached algae, and
    nuisance-plants weeds). This enhanced plant growth, often called an algal
    bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water when dead plant material
    decomposes and can cause other organisms to die. Nutrients can come from
    many sources, such as fertilizers applied to agricultural fields, golf courses,
    and suburban lawns; deposition of nitrogen from the atmosphere; erosion of
    soil containing nutrients; and sewage treatment plant discharges

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