Pumps

PUMPS
INTRODUCTION
• A rotodynamic pump is essentially a turbine ‘in reverse’ -
mechanical energy is transferred from the rotor to the fluid
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AXIAL FLOW PUMP
AXIAL FLOW PUMP
MIXED FLOW PUMP
MIXED FLOW PUMP
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• These are so called because energy is imparted to the

fluid by centrifugal action of moving blades from the inner
radius to the outer radius
• The main components of centrifugal pumps are:
a. the impeller
b. the 'volute' casing
c. the drive shaft with gland and packing
• Additionally suction pipe with one way valve (foot valve)
and delivery pipe with delivery valve completes the
system.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Consider a centrifugal pump showing a small part of the

impeller complete with vector triangles of the flow pattern
at entry and exit.
• Entry triangle
• For the entry triangle, Vw1 = 0

i. Since there is no whirl component at inlet velocity, V 1 = Vf1,
this means that the angle between the vector V1 and u1 (the
speed of the impeller tip at inlet) is a right angle.
ii. In order to minimize energy loss the fluid should impinge on
the blade tangentially, in terms of the vector triangle this
means that the angle between u1 and Vr1 should equal the
blade angle, θ.
ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS - Shockless entry
• When fluid enters the impeller tangentially, this is called

shockless entry and is regarded as the design condition.
• Non-tangential entry would result in:
i. Impact losses
ii. Boundary layer separation
iii. Eddies arising which would give rise to some backflow into
the inlet pipe, this causes the incoming flow to have some
whirl velocity.
• The result of non-tangential entry leads to a drop in the
efficiency of the pump.
• For a centrifugal pump under design conditions, the blade

angle is given by
 60Q 
  tan  2 2
1

  D1 b1 N 
• For the exit triangle, three

cases have to be
considered:
i. Forward facing blades, β >
90o
thus , Vw 2  u 2 V f 2cot     
or , Vw 2  u2  V f 2 cot 
ii. Radial blades, β = 90o

iii. Backward facing blades, β

< 90o
Vw 2  u 2  V f 2 cot 
PUMP HEAD
• Using the Euler equation for hydraulic machines, the work

done per unit weight of fluid is
1
Ho  V2 u 2  Vw1u1 
g
• For pumps, Vw1 = 0

Vw 2 u 2
Ho 
g
• The head imposed on the fluid is equal to the Euler head

minus losses.
PUMP HEAD
• implying
H  H 0  losses
Vw 2u 2 VP2
or H   hi  hv 
g 2g
• where hi = loss of energy in the impeller, hv = loss of
energy in volute casing, Vp = velocity of flow in the outlet
pipe V u V2 V2 V2
 H w2 2
 ki r2
 kv 2
 P
g 2g 2g 2g
PUMP HEAD
• This expression can be written in terms of H-Q variation:
Since V22  Vw22  V f22
V22   u2  V f 2 cot    V f22

2
Then
 V22  u22  2u2V f 2 cot   V f22 1  cot 2  
or V22  u22  2u2V f 2 cot   V f22 cos ec 2 

V f22
Also Vr22   V f22 cos ec 2 
sin 2 
PUMP HEAD
• Substituting and rearranging
2u22  2u2V f 2 cot   kiV f22 cos ec 2   kv u22  2kv u2V f 2 cot   kvV f22 cos ec 2 
H
2g
• But ND2 and Q

u2  Vf 2 
60 D2 B2
• Substituting for u2 and Vf2
H  AN 2  BNQ  CQ 2
• Where A, B and C are constants defined by the properties of

the pump.
HEAD - DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP
• The head-discharge equation demonstrates that the H-Q

relationship for a pump is parabolic
MANOMETRIC EFFICIENCY
• Manometric efficiency is the ratio of the manometric head,

Hm, to the Euler head, Ho.
• The manometric head is the difference in head that would
be recorded on a manometer connected between the
suction and delivery flanges of the pump.
• Thus,
Hmg
 man 
Vw2 u 2
MANOMETRIC EFFICIENCY
• The heads Hm and H are related by the expression
Hm H
V d
2

 Vs2
h
2g
Vd Delivery
p
Vs
Suction
• Manometric efficiency is also known as hydraulic

efficiency.
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, ηv
• Volumetric efficiency
Q
v 
Q  QL
• Mechanical efficiency
brake
power
-power
loss
dueto
friction
BP-P
m  f
brake
power BP
OVERALL EFFICIENCY, ηo
• This is the ratio of the power given to the fluid by the shaft
power.
gQH WP
o  
BP BP
• This is appreciably lower than the manometric efficiency

Example
• A centrifugal pump impeller has an outer diameter of 30
cm and an inner diameter of 15 cm. The pump runs at
1200 rpm. The impeller vanes are set at a blade angle of
30o at the outlet. If the velocity of flow is constant at 2.0
m/s, calculate
i. The velocity and direction of water at outlet
ii. The head developed, by assuming a manometric
efficiency of 0.85
iii. The blade angle at the inlet
PUMP AND SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
 PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
 The following are pump characteristic:
i. Head vs Discharge
ii. Efficiency vs Discharge
iii. Input Power (BP) vs Discharge
iv. NPSH vs Discharge
 The most important is the head - discharge relationship
 The head - discharge relationship is represented by equations of the form:
H  AN 2  BNQ  CQ 2
PUMP AND SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• Typical curves of pump characteristics

Pump Characteristic curve
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• A pump has to supply enough energy to:
a) Lift water through a certain height – the static lift HSL
b) Overcome losses dependent on the discharge, Q.
• The system head is then given by
H  H SL  hlosses
• hlosses is made up of friction losses and minor losses in pipes and pipe fittings
respectively.
• Therefore, losses are proportional to Q2 and the system characteristic equation
is a quadratic function of the form:
H  H SL  KQ 2
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC
 STATIC LIFT - HSL

 is decomposed into:
a) Suction lift (Hs) - rise from the reservoir or sump to the level of the pump
b) Delivery lift (Hd) - rise from the pump to the discharge point
FINDING THE DUTY POINT
• Pump operates at a duty point

where the head supplied by the
pump matches the head
requirements of the system i.e.
where the pump and system H-Q
curves intersect.
• In practice, the duty point or
operating point, shows the
maximum discharge possible in the
system.
Example
• A village requires a water supply; the most convenient source is a borehole
which is 4,000 m away and the water level in the borehole is 40 m below that at
which the water needs to discharge. A pipeline of 200 mm diameter can readily
be constructed for which the Darcy f is 0.01. When the pump is driven at 2,920
RPM the H - Q relationship can be written as
HAN2 BNQ
CQ
2
• Where H = head (in metres) , N = speed of rotation (in RPM)

• Q = flow in m3/s , A = 2.378 x 10-5
• B = 0.069,C = 5000
Determine the quantity of water that the pump can deliver.
PUMP PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS, AFFINITY LAWS AND
SPECIFIC SPEED
• The pump performance equations for centrifugal pumps are:
 Q   Q 
1.  3 
 3 
 ND 1  ND  2
 gH   gH 
2.  2 2   2 2 
 N D 1  N D  2
 P   P 
3.    
3 5 

3 5 
 N D 1  N D  2
SPECIFIC SPEED
• AFFINITY LAWS
 For the same pump (i.e. same diameter) operating at different speeds N1 and
N2:
Q2 N 2
1. 
Q1 N1
2
H 2  N2 
2.   
H 1  N1 
3
P2  N 2 
3.   
P1  N1 
SPECIFIC SPEED
• AFFINITY LAWS
 For the same speed but variable diameter
3
Q 2  D2 
1.   
Q1  D1 
2
H 2  D2 
2.   
H1  D1 
5
P2  D2 
3.   
P1  D1 
 Apart from comparing the performance of two different pumps, the affinity laws are used to
investigate the performance of one pump under two different operating conditions.
SPECIFIC SPEED
• SPECIFIC SPEED
 defined as the theoretical speed at which a given pump would
deliver 1 unit of flow against 1 unit of head.
 used as a basis for comparison of the performance of different
pumps
 specific speed for a pump is given by
1 2
NQ
N s  3 4
H
 N is in rpm, Q in m3/s and H in m
SPECIFIC SPEED
• SPECIFIC SPEED
 A less common quantity is the dimensionless specific speed Kn
given by:
NQ1 2
Kn 
 gH  3 4
SPECIFIC SPEED
• SPECIFIC SPEED
 Approximate ranges of Ns are:
Type Ns
Radial (centrifugal) 10 – 70 Large head
Mixed flow 70 – 170
Axial flow > 110 Small head
Example
• A pump is needed to operate at 3000 rpm with a head of 6 m and
a discharge of 0.2 m3/s. By calculating the specific speed,
determine what sort of pump is required. If a pump is needed at
another site where the head is 60 m, what sort of pump is
required?
FINDING THE DUTY POINT AT A NEW PUMP SPEED
• The following procedure should be followed:

i. Draw the characteristic curves for the known
operating conditions
ii. Scale each (Q,H) pair on the original characteristic at
speed N1 to get the new characteristic at speed N2 i.e.
2
 N   N2 
Q 2   2
 Q
or 1 H 2    H1
1  N   N1 
• Where this scaled characteristic intercepts the system
curve gives the new duty point.
FINDING THE DUTY POINT AT A NEW PUMP SPEED
A
FINDING THE PUMP SPEED FOR A GIVEN DUTY POINT
• To find the pump speed for a given discharge or head plot a

hydraulic-scaling curve back from the required duty point (Q 2, H2)
on the system curve, at unknown speed N2:
2
H  Q 
  
H 2  Q2 
FINDING THE PUMP SPEED FOR A GIVEN DUTY POINT
• Where the hydraulic scaling

curve cuts the original pump
characteristic curve gives a
scaled duty point (Q1, H1) and
the ratio of pump speeds can
be obtained from either the
ratio of discharges or the ratio
of heads:
N2 Q2 2
 N2  H
    2
N1 Q1 or  N1  H1
PUMPS IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL
• PUMPS IN SERIES
 If one pump cannot produce
sufficient head then two or
more pumps may be used in
series.
 flow successively passes from
one pump to the next with
each pump adding more
energy to the water. Thus
Q1  Q2
H  H1  H 2
• PUMPS IN PARALLEL
 If a pump cannot produce
sufficient flow then two or
more pumps are used in
parallel.
Q  Q1  Q2
H1  H 2
• Advantages of pumps in
parallel are:
• High capacity: permits a large
total discharge
• Flexibility: pumps can be
brought in and out of service if
the required discharge varies.
• Redundancy: pumping can
continue if one is not operating
due to failure or planned
maintenance.
CAVITATION
• This is the formation, growth and rapid collapse of vapour bubbles
in flowing liquids.
• In pumps this happens when the suction pressure at the pump inlet
is too low (below vapour pressure)
• To avoid cavitation NPSHA should be greater than NPSHR
 NPSH
A NPSH
R
CAVITATION
• NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIRED (NPSHR)
• Pump manufacturers test each pump design to determine the level
of suction pressure required to avoid cavitation
• It is the responsibility of the pump system designer to ensure that
the available net positive suction head, NPSHA, is significantly
above NPSHR.
CAVITATION
• NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHA)
• The value of NPSHA is dependent on
i. the vapour pressure of the fluid being pumped
ii. energy losses in the suction piping
iii. the location of the liquid reservoir, and
iv. the pressure applied to the fluid in the reservoir
• NPSHA can be expressed as:
Patm Pv
NPSH A   Zs  hf 
g g
CAVITATION
• CAVITATION PARAMETERS
• For pumps the cavitation parameter (the Thoma number) is given by
NPSH A
 
H
• Critical cavitation number is given by
NPSH R
c 
H
• To avoid cavitation
  c
Example
• A pump can deliver a discharge of 0.1 m3/s to a head of
30 m. The critical cavitation number  c for the pump is
found to be 0.12. The pump is to be installed at a location
where the barometric pressure is 96.0 kPa (abs) and the
vapour pressure is 3.0 kPa (abs). Assuming an intake
pipe friction of 0.3 m, determine the minimum value of
NPSH. What would be the maximum allowable elevation
above the sump water surface at which the pump can be
located?

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PUMPS

• These are so called because energy is imparted to the

• Consider a centrifugal pump showing a small part of the

• For the entry triangle, Vw1 = 0

• When fluid enters the impeller tangentially, this is called

• For a centrifugal pump under design conditions, the blade

• For the exit triangle, three

ii. Radial blades, β = 90o

iii. Backward facing blades, β

• Using the Euler equation for hydraulic machines, the work

• For pumps, Vw1 = 0

• The head imposed on the fluid is equal to the Euler head

• This expression can be written in terms of H-Q variation:

Since V22  Vw22  V f22

V22   u2  V f 2 cot    V f22

 V22  u22  2u2V f 2 cot   V f22 1  cot 2  

or V22  u22  2u2V f 2 cot   V f22 cos ec 2 

• But ND2 and Q

• Where A, B and C are constants defined by the properties of

• The head-discharge equation demonstrates that the H-Q

• Manometric efficiency is the ratio of the manometric head,

• The heads Hm and H are related by the expression

• Manometric efficiency is also known as hydraulic

• This is appreciably lower than the manometric efficiency

• Typical curves of pump characteristics

• The system head is then given by

 STATIC LIFT - HSL

• Pump operates at a duty point

• Where H = head (in metres) , N = speed of rotation (in RPM)

• The following procedure should be followed:

• To find the pump speed for a given discharge or head plot a

• Where the hydraulic scaling

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