Figures of Speech

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FIGURES OF SPEECH

1. FIGURES, BASED ON SOUND.


2. FIGURES, BASED ON ASSOCIATION.
3. FIGURES, BASED ON DIFFERENCE.
4. FIGURES, BASED ON SIMILARITY.

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FIGURES, BASED ON SOUND

1. ALLITERATION.
2. ASSONANCE.
3. CONSONANCE.
4. ONOMATOPEIA.
5. PUN /PARONOMASIA

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ALLITERATION
1. ALLITERATION IS A FIGURE OF SPEECH IN WHICH THE SAME SOUND REPEATS IN A GROUP OF WORDS.
2. THE REPEATING SOUND MUST OCCUR EITHER IN THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH WORD OR IN THE STRESSED SYLLABLES OF
THOSE WORDS.
3. REPETITIONS OF SOUNDS.
4. ALLITERATIVE WORDS DON'T HAVE TO BE RIGHT NEXT TO EACH OTHER.
5. PRESENTLY THE REPEATING SOUNDS OCCURING ON AN UNSTRESSED SYLLABLE OR IN THE SECOND SYLLABLES ALSO
ACCEPTED.
EG. CROOKS CONSPIRE WITH THE UNKIND KING.
• CONSONANCE:
CONSONANCE IS THE REPETITION OF SIMILAR CONSONANT SOUNDS ACROSS SEVERAL WORDS.
• ASSONANCE :
ASSONANCE IS THE REPETITION OF SIMILAR VOWEL SOUNDS ACROSS SEVERAL WORDS.

• ONOMATOPOEIA:
ONOMATOPOEIA IS A FIGURE OF SPEECH IN WHICH WORDS BEFORE THE ACTUAL SOUND OF THE THING THEY REFER TO
OR DESCRIBING. EG. - ZZZZZ ( SLEEPING), MURMUROUS , BABBLE.
• ONOMATOPOEIC WORDS ARE USED TO CREATE ONOMATOPOEIC EFFECT. EG. BOOM, TINTIN Presented by PAPAI
FIGURES, BASED ON ASSOCIATION

1. SYNECDOCHE.(‘THE UNDERSTANDING OF ONE THING BY MEANS OF


ANOTHER’).

2. METONYMY. (GK. 'META' - CHANGE; 'ONOMA'-NAME)


1. LITERAL MEANING-'CHANGE OF NAME’
2. SUBSTITUTING THE NAME OF ONE THING FOR THAT OF ANOTHER.

3. ALLUSION.
4. HYPALLAGE.

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SYNECDOCHE
KINDS EXAMPLES
1. A PART SUSTITUTED FOR THE WHOLE. 1. A MAN BOWED DOWN WITH EIGHTY
2. A WHOLE SUBSTITUTED FOR THE PART. SUMMERS. (YEAR- AGE)

3. A SPECIES FOR THE GENUS. 2. ENJOY THE PURPLE YEAR. (SEASON-


SPRING)
4. THE GENUS FOR A SPECIES.

5. THE CONCRETE SUBSTITUTED FOR THE


3. SILVER AND GOLD I HAVE NONE.
ABSTRACT. (WEALTH)

6. THE ABSTRACT SUBSTITUTED FOR THE 4. DRINK, PRETTY CREATURE, DRINK! -


CONCRETE. - WORDSWORTH
7. THE MATERIAL SUBSTITUTED FOR THE (LAMB)
THING MADE. 5. THERE IS A FOX IN HIM. (CUNNINGNESS)
8. AN INDIVIDUAL SUBSTITUTED FOR A CLASS
6. I DO THE MOST THAT FRIENDSHIP CAN.
(ANTONOMASIA)

-SWIFT Presented by PAPAI


METONYMY
GK. ‘META’ - CHANGE ‘ONOMA’ -
NAME
KINDS EXAMPLES
1. THE SYMBOL OR SIGN FOR THE PERSON 1. HE ASCENDED THE THRONE. (SOVEREIGNTY)
OR THING SYMBOLIZED.
2. HE DRANK THE CUP.
2. THE CONTAINER FOR THE THING 3. HE IS BASKING IN THE SUN. (EFFECT IS SUNSHINE).
CONTAINED.
4. THE BRIGHT DEATH QUIVERED AT THE VICTIM'S
3. THE EFFECT FOR THE CAUSE. THROAT.- TENNYSON (SWORD)

4. THE CAUSE FOR THE EFFECT. 5. THE PEN IS MIGHTER THAN THE SWORD.

5. THE INSTRUMENT OR ORGAN FOR THE THE PRESS HAS ENOROMOUS POWER.
AGENT. 6. IAMBIC PENTAMETRE IS COMMON IN SHAKESPEARE.

6. THE AUTHOR/MAKER FOR HIS WORKS. 7. ALL ARABIA BREATHES FROM YONDER BOX. –POPE

7. THE PLACE FOR THE PRODUCTION. 8. THE PRINCIPLES OF LIBERTY WERE THE SCOFF OF
EVERY GRINNING COURTIER.
8. THE ACT FOR THE OBJECT OF THE ACT.
9. THE SIGH OF HER SECRET SOUL ( THE YOUTH FOR
9. THE NAME OF A FEELING OR PASSION WHOM SHE SIGHS IN SECRET)
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ALLUSION

KINDS EXAMPLES
• "WORDS OR EXPRESSION WHICH • NOW WE CLAP OUR HANDS, AND CRY
CALLS TO ONE'S MIND SOME WELL- " EUREKA", IT IS CLEAR.
KNOWN PAST INCIDENTS OR THE -LORD BYRON
SAYING OF SOME GREAT MAN."

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HYPALLAGE
KINDS EXAMPLES

• AN EPITHET IS TRANSFERRED OR • HE IS WALKING THROUGH THE


SHIFTED FROM THE OBJECT TO WEARY WAY. (HE IS WEARY).
WHICH IT ACTUALLY BELONGS, TO • TO SCORN DELIGHTS AND LIVE
ANOTHER WITH WHICH IT IS LABORIOUS DAYS. (LIVING WITH
ASSOCIATED IN THE MIND OF THE VERY HARD WORK, THE MAN IS
WRITER OR SPEAKER. LABORIOUS).

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FIGURES, BASED ON DIFFERENCE

1. EPIGRAM.
2. CLIMAX.
3. ANTICLIMAX / BATHOS.
4. ANTITHESIS.
5. THE CONDENSED SENTENCE.

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EPIGRAM
EPI + GRAMMA

KINDS EXAMPLES

1. APPARENT CONTRADICTION 1. GOETHE- “I AM CONTENT,AND I DON'T


CAUSING SHOCK, ROUSES LIKE MY SITUATION”.
ATTENTION. 2. "THE BLESSEDNESS OF BEING LITTLE“.
2. BREVITY OF EXPRESSION. -SHAKESPEARE
3. "BEWARE THE FURY OF A PATIENT
3. NOT NECESSARILY OPPOSITE.
MAN.“
-DRYDEN

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CLIMAX

KINDS EXAMPLES

1. GRADATION FROM THE LEAST 1. "A HEART TO RESOLVE, A HAND TO


IMPRESSIVE OF SERIES OF WORDS CONTRUE AND A HAND TO EXECUTE“.
-GIBBON
OR SENTIMENTS TO THE MOST
IMPRESSIVE. 2. “THAT CONSOLATION, THAT JOY, THAT
TRIUMPH WAS AFFORDED HIM“.
-SOUTHEY
3. "HOW HAS EXPECTATION DARKENED
INTO ANXIETY, ANXIETY INTO DREAD,
AND DREAD INTO DESPAIR" – IRVING

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ANTICLIMAX / BATHOS

KINDS EXAMPLES

• "LOFTY TO MEAN THOUGHTS" • NO LOUDER SHRIEKS TO PITYING


HEAVEN ARE CAST WHEN HUSBANDS
OR WHEN LAP DOGS BREATHE THEIR
LAST"

-ALEXANDER POPE

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ANTITHESIS
ANTI + TITHEM

KINDS EXAMPLES

1. CONTRASTED IDEAS OR WORDS ARE 1. "UNITED WE STAND- DIVIDED WE


SET AGAINST EACH OTHER IN A FALL."
BALANCED FORM. -MORRIS

2. CONTRASTING IT WITH ITS 2. "THEIR VIRTUE WE WRITE IN


OPPOSITE. WATER“
-SHAKESPEARE

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THE CONDENSED SENTENCE

KINDS EXAMPLES

• BRINGING TOGETHER DIFFERENT • SHE DROPPED A TEAR AND HER


IDEAS. POCKET HANDKECHIEF.
-CHARLES DICKENS

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