Introduction to Electrical

Systems
EE042-4-2-IES / VE1

DC Generator
 TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE
LESSON

• Construction
• Operating Principle
• Losses
• Power. Stages
• Efficiency
• OCC Characteristic
• EMF Equation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 2

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of this topic, YOU should be able

to:
– Interpret the working principles and
performance characteristics of DC machines.
(C3, PLO2)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 3

 KEY TERMS YOU MUST BE ABLE
TO USE
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use
the following terms correctly in your assessments: -
– Construction
– Operating Principle
– Losses
– Power. Stages
– Efficiency
– OCC Characteristic
– EMF Equation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 4

 Top Principle of Machines

When a conductor cuts a magnetic flux, an

electromagnetic force is induced in it.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:
• First Law: Whenever the magnetic flux linked
with a circuit changes, an emf is always induced
in it. (OR, Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic
flux, an emf is induced in that conductor.)
• Second Law: The magnitude of the induced emf
is equal to the rate of change of flux-linkages

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 5

 Basic Construction of
DC Machines

Therefore, the basic essential parts

of an electrical machines are:
a) a magnetic field
b) conductor(s) which can move to
cut the flux
c) Current inlet / outlet.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 6

 Example of Machines

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 7

 Example of Machines

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 8

 Component of DC Machine

• Yoke
• Pole cores & pole shoes
• Field coils
• Armature core
• Armature winding
• Commutator
• Brushes & bearings

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 9

 Component of DC Machine

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 10

 Yoke

The outer frame or yoke serves double

purposes:
• Provides mechanical support for the poles
and acts as a protecting cover for the
whole machine.
• Carries the magnetic flux produced by the
pole.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 11

 Yoke

The magnetic flux

can travel through
the Yoke to
produce a
complete loop.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 12

 Pole Cores and Pole Shoes

The field magnets consist of pole cores and

pole shoes. The pole shoes serve two
purposes:
• Spread out the flux in the air gap, reduce
the reluctance of the magnetic path
• Support the existing coils

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 13

 Pole Shoes

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 14

 Pole Construction

The pole core itself may be a solid piece of

steel and the pole shoe is laminated and
fastened to the pole.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 15

 Pole Coils (Field coils)

• A former-wound copper wire coil.

• When current is passed through these
coils, they electromagnetize the poles to
produce necessary flux to be cut by
revolving armature conductors.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 16

 Pole Coil

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 17

 Armature Core

Houses the armature conductor or coils and

causes them to rotate and cuts the flux.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 18

 Armature Core

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 19

 Armature Winding

The armature winding is the main current-

carrying winding in which the electromotive
force or counter-emf of rotation is induced.
The current in the armature winding is
known as the armature current.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 20

 Armature Winding

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 21

 Commutator

• The function of the commutator is to

facilitate collection of current from the
armature conductors.
• Rectified the alternating current into direct
current.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 22

 Brush

The brushes are made of carbon. These are

rectangular block shaped. The only function
of these carbon brushes of DC generator is
to collect current from commutator
segments. The brushes are housed in the
rectangular box shaped brush holder.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 23

 Brush

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 24

 Types of DC Machine

Machines are classified according to

the way their fields are excited.
o Separately excited
o Self-excited.
– Shunt Wound
– Series Wound
– Compound Wound

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 25

 Separately Excited

The field magnets are energized from an

independent external DC source.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 26

 Self Excited

Field magnets are energized by currents

produced in the machine itself.
• Shunt Wound
• Series Wound
• Compound Wound

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 27

 Shunt Wound

Field windings
are connected in
parallel with the
armature
conductors, will
experience full
generator
voltage.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 28

 Series Wound

Field windings are

connected in series
with the armature
conductor, will carry full
load current.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 29

 Compound Wound

Has a combination of series and parallel

connection of field windings.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 30

 Types of DC Generator

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 31

 Section 2

DC Generators
 DC Generator, what you should
keep in mind
What do we want? Current
What is the input? Force / Rotation
What is fixed? Magnetic Flux

We use a generator during black out, or

when we want to supply current to our load.
The rotation is being maintained by the
burning of fuel
Application: Night Market
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 33
 Simple Loop Generator
Basic Construction Components:
o Armature: a single-turn rectangular copper
coil rotating about its own axis
o Field magnets: may be permanent magnets or
electromagnets; provide a magnetic field.
o Slip-rings: connected to two ends of coils;
they are insulated from each other and from
the main shaft.
o Brushes: made of carbon/copper; press
against each slip ring; collect induced current
in the coil and convey it to external load.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 34
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 35
 Basic Construction

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 36

 Working Principle

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 37

 Working Principle

• As the coil rotates in the magnetic field, an emf is induced in it

proportional to the rate of change of the flux linkage.
• Position 1
o Flux linked with the coil is maximum
o Coil sides AB & CD are moving parallel to the flux lines i.e. they do not
cut the flux lines; hence there is no emf induced in it.
• Position 3
o Flux linked with the coil is minimum
o The rate of change of flux linkages is maximum; hence the emf induced
is maximum
• Position 5
o Flux linked with the coil is maximum
o Coil sides AB & CD are moving parallel to the flux lines i.e. they do not
cut the flux lines; hence there is no emf induced in it.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 38

 Working Principle

• In the first half revolution of the coil, the

current through the load flows from M to L.
• In the second half revolution of the coil,
the current through the coil reverses in
direction i.e. from L to M.
• Thus, in a simple generator, since the
current is periodically reversing, it is
producing Alternating Current (AC).

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 39

 Commutation Working Principle

• For making the flow of current

unidirectional in the external circuit, the
slip-rings are replaced by split-rings.
• The split-rings are made out of a
conducting cylinder which is cut into two
halves or segments insulated from each
other by a thin sheet of mica or some
other insulating material.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 40

 Commutation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 41

 Commutation Result

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 42

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 43
 Commutation Working Principle

• The coil ends are joined to the two segments

on which rest the carbon or copper brushes.
• In the first half revolution current flows along
(ABMLCD) i.e. the brush No. 1 in contact with
segment ‘a’ acts as the positive end of the
supply and ‘b’ as the negative end.
• In the next half revolution, the direction of the
induced current in the coil has reversed.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 44

 Commutation Working Principle

• But at the same time, the positions of

segments ‘a’ and ‘b’ have also reversed
with the result that brush No. 1 comes in
touch with the segment which is positive
i.e. segment ‘b’ in this case.
• Hence, current in the load resistance
again flows from M to L.
• This current is unidirectional but not
continuous like pure direct current.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 45
 Generator EMF Equation
• The voltage produced by the armature is
•  
called EMF. Armature is the main
producer.
• In generator, this EMF is opposing all the
other voltage around the circle.
• Therefore in general, the EMF equation is:

• Depending on the cases, we might need to

incorporate other voltage elements.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 46
 Example 1

A shunt generator delivers 450A at 230V

and the resistance of the shunt field and
armature are 50Ω and 0.03Ω respectively.
Calculate the generated e.m.f.
(Ans: 243.6V)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 47

 Example 2

A long shunt compound generator delivers a

load current of 50A at 500V and has
armature, series field and shunt field
resistances of 0.05Ω, 0.03Ω and 250Ω
respectively. Calculate the generated
voltage and the armature current. Allow 1V
per brush for contact drop.
(Ans: 506.16V)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 48

 Example 3

A short-shunt compound generator delivers

a load current of 30A at 220V, and has
armature, series-field and shunt-field
resistances of 0.05Ω, 0.3Ω and 200Ω
respectively. Calculate the induced e.m.f
and the armature current. Allow 1V per
brush for contact drop.
(Ans: 232.56V, 31.145A)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 49

 Example 4

In a long-shunt compound generator, the

terminal voltage is 230V when generator
delivers 150A. Determine
i. induced e.m.f.
ii. total power generated and
iii. distribution of this power.
Given that shunt field, series field, divertor
and armature resistance are 92Ω, 0.015Ω,
0.03Ω and 0.032Ω respectively.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 50
 Electrical Machines 1

Chapter 1.3 DC Generator

Characteristic
 Overview

• DC Generator Characteristics
• Open Circuit Characteristics
• Critical Resistance
• Critical Speed
• Internal / Total & External Characteristics
• Voltage Regulation
• Compound Generator Characteristics

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 52

 Characteristics of DC Generator

•  

Three most important characteristics or

curves of a DC generator:
• No-load Saturation Characteristic:
• Internal or Total Characteristic:
• External Characteristic:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 53

 No-load Saturation
 
Characteristic:
••  
Also known as Magnetic Characteristic or
Open-circuit Characteristic (OCC).
• Relationship between no-load generated
emf in armature, and the field or exciting
current, at a fixed speed.
• The shape is practically the same for all
generators whether separately-excited or
self-excited.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 54

 Internal or Total  Characteristic:

•  

• It gives the relation between the emf, E

actually induces in the armature (after
allowing for the demagnetizing effect of
armature reaction) and the armature
current .

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 55

 External Characteristic:
 

• Also known as performance characteristic

or voltage-regulating curve.
• Relationship between terminal voltage, V
and the load current, I.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 56

 Method of no-load (OCC) test

• Disconnect field winding from machine.

• Connect to external (variable) dc source.
• Change this excitation current (read from
ammeter).
• Rotate armature at constant speed.
• Read no-load generated voltage across
armature terminals.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 57

 Measurement Method

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 58

 No-load test curve

Low flux density, the reluctance

of iron path is negligible

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 59

 Points to note

•• The curve starts at

 o
This emf is induced inspite of zero If due to residual
magnetism
o The length represents emf due to residual magnetism only
• Then, increases linearly with
o This is because at low flux densities, the total reluctance of
the magnetic path is almost entirely equal to reluctance of air-
gap only (since at low flux densities, iron has high
permeability)
• Beyond a certain point, the curve bends over
o At higher flux densities, the total reluctance of the magnetic
path increases as reluctance of the iron path increases

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 60

 OCC for different speed
 

The OCC of a
generator for a
particular speed,
can be deduced
from the curve at
another speed by
using, E ∝ N
∴

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 61

 Critical Resistance

• Connect the field winding back to the

generator, run as shunt generator.
• Emf is induced due to the mutual
reinforcement.
• No voltage build up if Critical Resistance is
too high.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 62

 Relationship between
  and

Lower
resistance,
higher emf

Max emf induced by

given field resistance

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 63

 Two more things

•  

• How to find Critical Resistance, ?

• How to draw OCC at different speed?

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 64

 Critical  Speed,

•Critical
  speed of a shunt generator is that
speed for which the given shunt field
resistance represents critical resistance.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 65

 Illustration

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 66

 Example
• The magnetization curve of a DC shunt
generator at 1500 rpm is:
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0
6
6 60
60 120
120 172.5
172.5 202.5
202.5 221
221 231
231 237
237 240
240

• For this generator, find:

o No-load emf for field resistance of 100Ω
o The critical field resistance at 1500 rpm
o The magnetization curve at 1200 rpm and
from there the open-circuit voltage for a field
resistance of 100Ω
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 67
 Answer

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 68

 Example

•The
  OCC of a DC shunt generator is as
follow
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
60 120 138 145 149 151 152
If , calculate the open circuit voltage and
load current when the terminal voltage is
100V. Neglect armature reaction and
assume .
(Ans: 144 V, 438.11 A)
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 69
 Example

Given
•   OCC of a DC shunt generator at 300 rpm:
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
7.5 92 132 162 183 200 212
1. Plot OCC at 375 rpm and determine the exciting voltage
if .
2. What additional resistance have to be inserted to
reduce the voltage to 200V at 375 rpm?
3. Without additional resistance, determine the load
current supplied by the generator when the terminal
voltage is 200V. Ignore armature reaction and assume
the speed is constant. .

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 70

 Voltage Build Up
• The
  voltage build up of a DC generator is
due to the mutual reinforcement.
• In order to successfully build up voltage,
the induced emf must overcome
o The ohmic drop, in the winding
o To overcome the opposing self-induced emf,
in the field coil

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 71

 Illustration

  𝑑 𝐼𝑓
𝐿 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) Flux is saturated at
this point
B

Ohmic drop

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 72

 Condition to Build Up a
Generator
•  
1) There must be residual magnetism in the
generator poles.
2) The shunt field coils must be connected in
the correct polarity to trigger reinforcement.
3) For open circuit, should be less than
Critical Resistance.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 73

 Other Factors Affecting Voltage
Building of a DC Generator

• Reversed shunt field connection.

• Reversed rotation.
• Reversed residual magnetism.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 74

 Normal Operation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 75

 Reversed Shunt Field Connection

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 76

 Reversed Armature Rotation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 77

 Reversed Residual Magnetism

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 78

 Voltage Regulation
• The change in its terminal voltage with the
change in load current when it is running at
constant speed.
• The change in voltage between no load and full
load:
o Small: Good regulation
o Large: Poor regulation
• The voltage regulation of a DC generator is the
change in voltage when the load is reduced from
rated value to zero, expressed as the
percentage of the rated load voltage.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 79
 Example

•If  no-load voltage of a certain generator is

240 V and rated-load voltage is 220 V. Find
the Voltage Regulation.

Answer:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 80

 Application of DC Generator

• Shunt Generator
• Series Generator
• Compound Generator

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 81

 Application of Shunt Generator

The terminal voltage are almost constant or

can be kept constant.
• Ordinary lighting.
• Power supply.
• Battery charging

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 82

 Application of Series Generator

These types of generators are restricted for

the use of power supply because of their
increasing terminal voltage characteristic
with the increase in load current from no
load to full load.
• Booster

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 83

 Application of Compound
Generator

Its external characteristic can be adjusted

for compensating the voltage drop in the line
resistance.
• Motor driving which requires constant DC
voltage supply.
• Heavy power service such as electric
railways.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 84

 Section 3

DC Generator
EMF, Losses, Power
 Overview

• EMF Equation
• Losses
• Power Stages
• Efficiency

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 86

 EMF Equation

•   = flux/pole
• Z = total number of armature conductors
=
• P = no. of generator poles
• A = no. of parallel paths in armature
= 2 (simplex wave-wound generator)
= P (simplex lap-wound generator)
• N = armature rotation in rpm
• = emf induced in any parallel path in armature

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 87

 EMF Equations

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 88

 EMF Equations

For simplex wave-wound generator, A = 2

• No. of conductors in one path = Z/2
• Then, EMF generated/path=ΦPN/60 x
Z/2= ΦZPN/120 volts
For simplex lap-wound generator, A = P
• No. of conductors in one path = Z/P
• Then, EMF generated/path=ΦPN/60 x
Z/P= ΦZN/60 volts

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 89

 General EMF Equation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 90

 Example

A four-pole generator, having wave-wound

armature winding has 51 slots, each slot
containing 20 conductors. What will be the
voltage generated in the machine when
driven at 1500 rpm assuming the flux per
pole to be 7.0 mWb?
(Ans: 357V)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 91

 Example

An 8-pole DC generator has 500 armature

conductors, and a useful flux of 0.05 Wb per
pole. What will be the emf generated if it is
lap-connected and runs at 1200 rpm? What
must be the speed at which it is to be driven
produce the same emf if it is wave-wound?
(Ans: 500V, 300rpm)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 92

 Example

An 8-pole DC shunt generator with 778

wave-connected armature conductors and
running at 500 rpm supplies a load of 12.5Ω
resistance at terminal voltage of 250V. The
armature resistance is 0.24Ω and the field
resistance is 250Ω. Find the armature
current, the induced emf and the flux per
pole.
(Ans: 21A, 255.04, 9.83mWb)
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 93
 Example

A 4-pole lap-connected armature of a DC shunt generator

is required to supply the loads connected in parallel:
o 5kW Geyser at 250V
o 2.5kW Lighting load also at 250V
The generator has an armature resistance of 0.2Ω and a
field resistance of 250Ω. The armature has 120 conductors
in the slots and runs at 1000 rpm. Allowing 1V per brush for
contact drops and neglecting friction, find:
o Flux per pole
o Armature current per parallel path
(Ans: 129.1mWb, 7.75A)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 94

 Iron Losses

•  
• Due to the rotation of the iron core of the
armature in the magnetic flux of the field
poles, there are some losses taking place
continuously and they are Iron Losses and
Core Losses.
• Two types of Iron Losses
– Hysteresis Loss ()
– Eddy Current ()

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 95

 Total Loss in a DC Generator

• Copper Losses
• Magnetic Losses
• Mechanical Losses

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 96

 Copper Losses

• Armature
  Copper Loss =
o = resistance of armature, interpoles, series field
winding, etc.
o Contribute 30% to 40% of full-load losses.
• Field Copper Loss.
o Shunt =
o Series =
o Contribute 20% to 30% of full-load losses.
• Loss due to the brush contact resistance.
Usually including armature copper loss.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 97

 Magnetic Losses

• Hysteresis loss and Eddy Current loss.

• Practically constant for shunt and
compound wound generators, because in
these cases, field current is approximately
constant.
• Contribute 10% to 20% of full load losses.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 98

 Hysteresis
  Loss ()

•  
• Due to the reversal of magnetization of the
armature core.
• Rotating under S and N pole, attaining
different polarity in every complete cycle.
• If P is the number of poles, N is the
armature speed in rpm,
Hz

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 99

 Hysteresis
  Loss ()
• The
  loss depend on the volume and grade
of the iron.
• Given maximum value of flux density, and
the frequency of magnetic reversal, the
hysteresis loss given by Steinmets formula
is:
Watts
o V = volume of the core in
o η = Steinmets hysteresis coefficient

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 100

 Eddy Current
  ()

• Emf is induced inside the armature core

during rotation and cutting of flux.
• The emf is high because the internal
resistance inside the core is small.
• The loss due to the induced emf is called
eddy loss. Taken by the name of the
induced current which is called eddy
current.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 101

 Eddy Current
  ()

• Eddy currents (also called Foucault

currents) are circular electric currents
induced within conductors by a changing
magnetic field in the conductor, due to
Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents
flow in closed loops within conductors, in
planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 102

 Eddy Current
  ()

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 103

 Formula of Eddy
  Current ()

•  

watt
• = maximum flux density
• = frequency of magnetic reversals
• = thickness of each lamination
• = volume of armature core

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 104

 Mechanical Losses

• Friction loss at bearing and commutator.

• Air-friction or windage loss of rotating
armature.
• Contribute 10% to 20% of full load losses.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 105

 Type of losses

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 106

 Stray Losses

• Usually, magnetic and mechanical losses

are collectively known as Stray Losses.
These are also known as rotational losses
for obvious reason.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 107

 Constant or Standing
  Losses ()

• To describe losses which is constant

– Stray losses
– Shunt losses

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 108

 Variable Loss

• Total
  Losses = armature copper loss + =
=
• Armature copper loss is considered as
variable loss because it varies with the
load current.

Total Loss = Variable Loss + Constant Loss

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 109

 Example

A 10kW, 250V, DC, 6-pole shunt generator

runs at 1000 rpm when delivering full load.
The armature has 534 lap-connected
conductors. Full-load copper loss is 0.64kW.
The total brush drop is 1V. Determine the
flux per pole. Neglect shunt current.
(Ans: 30mWb)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 110

 Power Stages

A B C

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 111

 Condition of Maximum Efficiency

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 112

 Example

A shunt generator delivers 195A at 250V.

The armature resistance and shunt field
resistance are 0.02Ω and 50Ω respectively.
The iron and friction losses equal 950W.
Find
o EMF generated
o Copper losses
o Output of the Armature
o Commercial, mechanical and electrical
efficiencies.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 113
 Example

A shunt generator has a full-load current of

196A at 220V. The stray losses are 720W
and the shunt field coil resistance is 55Ω. If
it has a full-load efficiency of 88%, find the
armature resistance. Also, find the load
current corresponding to maximum
efficiency.
(Ans: 0.107Ω, 118.34A)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 114

 Example

A long-shunt dynamo running at 1000 rpm

supplies 22 kW at a terminal voltage of 220
V. The resistances of armature, shunt field
and the series field are 0.05 Ω, 110 Ω, and
0.06 Ω respectively The overall efficiency at
the above load is 88%. Find
– Cu losses
– Iron and friction losses
(Ans: 1584.5 W, 1415.5 W)
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 115
 Example

A 4-pole DC generator is delivering 20 A to a

load of 10 Ω. If the armature resistance is
0.5 Ω and the shunt field resistance is 50 Ω,
calculate the induced emf and the electrical
efficiency of the machine. Allow a drop of 1
V per brush.
(Ans: 214 V, 78.62%)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 116

 QUICK REVIEW QUESTIONS

• What is the operation principle of n DC generator?

• What are the information can be extracted from an
OCC curve?
• Explain the power stages in a DC generator.
• What is eddy current and hysteresis current?
• How to calculate EMF?
• How may types of losses in a DC generator?

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 117

 SUMMARY OF MAIN TEACHING
POINTS

• The operating principle of a DC generator.

• The definition of EMF.
• Introduction of OCC curve.
• The definition of power stages and calculation of
efficiency.
• The types of losses and its characteristics.
• The type of DC generator and their connections.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 118

 QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION

Q&A

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 119

 WHAT WE WILL COVER NEXT

• DC Motor

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch1.1-DC Generator Slide 120