Chapter 3 Personality and Individual Differences

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 1– 1

Chapter 3
PERSONALITY

INTRODUCTION
 An individual’s personality constitutes the most

important and most noticeable parts of an
individual's psychosomatic life.
 Our personalities determine how we act and
react, as well as how we interact with and
respond to the world.

DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY
 Personality refers to individual differences in

character, patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving.
 Personality is also known as the combination of
emotional, attitudinal, and behavioural response
patterns of an individual.
 It is the sum of ways in which an individual
reacts and interacts with each other.

PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS
 Brain
 Physical Factors
 Heredity Factors
 Cultural and Religious Factors
 Social Factors

PERSONALITY TRAITS
THE MYER-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR

The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a
self-inventory test designed to identify a person's
personality type, strengths and preferences.
– Extraversion (E) - Introversion (I)
– Sensing (S) - Intuition (N)
– Thinking (T) - Feeling (F)
– Judging (J) - Perceiving (P)

PERSONALITY TRAITS
BIG FIVE MODEL

The Big Five personality traits are five broad
domains or dimensions of personality that are
used to describe human personality.
– Openness
– Conscientiousness
– Extraversion
– Neuroticism
– Agreeableness

ATTRIBUTES OF PERSONALITY
LOCUS OF CONTROL
Internal and external locus of control
Research has found the following trends:
– Males tend to be more internal than females
– As people get older they tend to become more
internal
– People higher up in organizational structures tend
to be more internal

MACHIAVELLIANISM
Research has revealed that individuals who
score high on Mach are good at manipulating
others and try to win by any means.
They do not need to be persuaded to work but
instead are able to successfully persuade others.

SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect
a person's overall emotional evaluation of his or her own
worth. It is a judgement of oneself as well as an attitude
toward the self.
RISK TAKING
The tendency to engage in behaviours that have the
potential to be harmful or dangerous, yet at the same time
provide the opportunity for some kind of outcome that can
be perceived as positive.

TYPE A – TYPE B PERSONALITY

Type A personality is associated with time
urgency, aggressiveness, hostility and
competitiveness
Type B personality, in contrast, is the one low on
these traits.
Generally, most people fall somewhere in
between these two types, some leaning more
towards one type than the other.

PERSONALITY – JOB FIT
THEORY
 Holland’s theory is centred on the notion that most people
fit into one of six personality types:
– Realistic (Doer) – Prefers physical activities that
require skill, strength and coordination. Traits include
being genuine, stable, conforming and
practical. Example professions include architect, farmer
and engineer.
– Investigative (Thinker) – Prefers working with theory
and information, thinking, organizing and
understanding. Traits include being analytical, curious
and independent. Example professions include lawyer,
mathematician and professor.
THEORY
– Artistic (Creator) – Prefers creative, original and
unsystematic activities that allow creative
expression. Traits include being imaginative,
disorderly, idealistic, emotional and impractical.
Example professions include artist, musician and
writer.
– Social (Helper) – Prefers activities that involve
helping, healing or developing others. Traits
include being cooperative, friendly, sociable and
understanding. Example professions include
counsellor, doctor and teacher.
THEORY
– Enterprising (Persuader) – Prefers competitive
environments, leadership, influence, selling and
status. Traits include being ambitious, domineering,
energetic and self-confident. Example professions
include management, marketing and sales person.
– Conventional (Organizer) – Prefers precise, rule-
regulated, orderly and unambiguous
activities. Traits include being conforming, efficient,
practical, unimaginative and inflexible. Example
professions include accountant, clerk and editor.

SUMMARY
 Personality is the combination of emotional,

attitudinal, and behavioural response patterns
of an individual.


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Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013 1– 1

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

 An individual’s personality constitutes the most

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

 Personality refers to individual differences in

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

THE MYER-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR

BIG FIVE MODEL

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

TYPE A – TYPE B PERSONALITY

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

 Personality is the combination of emotional,

Organizational Behaviour All Rights Reserved

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