Interior Designing

Building System & Construction Integration

Structural System For Building?

• The Structural systems can be defined as the assembly of inter-related or

inter-dependent elements which forms a complex structure.

• The elements of structural systems can be related to the bones of the human
body.

• The functions of Structural Systems are to resist loads acting on structures and
provide a skeleton in the building.
 Types Of Structural Systems

• Load Bearing System

• Framed System
• Shell System
• Strut and Tie

Shell System

Load Bearing System Framed System Strut and Tie

Load Bearing System

• Loads of buildings i.e. weight of building itself plus the live loads get
transferred to the ground through walls.

• Walls bear the load of roofs, floor and self weight.

• Functions of Load Bearing system:

1. Supporting of loads
2. Subdividing the space (creating room)
Load Bearing Masonry
• Merit:
1. Providing thermal and acoustic insulation to structure
2. Fire and weather protection

• Demerit
1. loads coming on the structure are taken care by walls of structure, the
thickness of walls at bottom increases to a considerable extent.
Hence masonry structures are found to be very uneconomical beyond
3 to 4 stories.
Framed System
• Different types of frame structures can be constructed from various
materials such as reinforced concrete, steel, and wood.

• A Frame structure is a structure having the combination of beam,

column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads.
Braced Frame System

Type of Framed System:

• Rigid Frame System

• Braced Frame System

Rigid Frame System Braced Frame System

Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure

It is type of Braced Frame System.

Merit of Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure:

• It is good in compression as compared to most other materials.

• Its resistance to fire is better than steel so capable of resisting fire for a longer
time.

• It has a long service life with low maintenance cost.

• It can be cast to any shape required, making it most economical structural

material
Demerit of Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure:

• It needs meticulous mixing, casting and curing, all of which affect the final
strength of the member.

• The cost of formwork used to cast concrete is relatively high.

• It has low compressive strength as compared to steel which leads to large

sections of in columns/beams in multistory buildings.

• Cracks development in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live

loads is high.

• If concreting is not done properly the steel starts corroding thereby loosing
strength and ultimately the life gets reduced.
Shell System

We will study shell roof system.

• Shell roof covers large areas of the building.

• Shell roof is three-dimensional structures consisting of thin

membrane slabs, curved in one or more directions

• Transfer the loads on points of support, i.e. columns, beams, walls

etc.
Shell Roof System
• Shell roofs are built with several materials such as in situ reinforced
concrete, timber, steel sheets, ceramics, glass, plastics, hard board,
lattice and composite structure etc.
Strut and Tie System

We will study roofs Construction with the Combination of King &

Queen Post Roof Trusses.

• Queen post roof trusses alone are suitable for span up to 13.5 or 14
meters.

• Spans greater than 14 meters, modification of queen post truss is King & Queen Post Roof
carried out by introducing one or more upright member and the
diagonal braces.

• Adding one upright member called princess-post can strengthen up

the queen post truss and makes it feasible for spans greater than 14
meters.

• The upper part of this truss is king post truss .

• Middle to lower part is queen post truss.

Building Form Structure and Element:

Element of Interior Design

• Line
• Space
• Shape
• Form
• Texture
• Color Line Space

Shape Form Texture Color

Building Form:

• The basic shape, or outline, of a building’s walls and its

interior walls is known as its floor plan.

• Basic Geometric Shape in Architecture

• Circle
• Square
• Rectangle
• Triangle
• Hexagonal
• Octagonal
Evolution Of Form
From Basic Geometry
Evolution Of Form
From Basic Geometry
Elements/Component of a Building

• Roof
• Parapet/Railing
• Wall
• Column
• Beam
• Windows
• Doors
• Flooring
• Ceiling
• Stairs
• MEP
FLOOR/CEILING ASSEMBLIES, WALLS STAIRS

Types of Interior Wall Assemblies

• Studs
• Gypsum Board
• Walls

Types of … STUDS
Non-Structural Metal Framing
Interior framing systems
• Partition Walls, Furred Walls
• Framed Soffits, Etc.
Interior suspension systems
• Supports for ceilings, Suspended Soffits, Etc.
Partition Walls

• “C” studs
• 1-5/8”, 2-1/2”, 3-5/8”, 4”, 6”
• Top & Bottom Tracks (Slip-Type)
• Single or Double-runners  Shaft Walls
• C-H
• Furring Channels
• Cold Rolled Channels : 1/2”x 3/4”
• Steel Studs : 1-5/8”, 2-1/2”, 3-5/8”
• Hat-shaped (Rigid) : 7/8”, 1-1/2”
• Resilient Furring Channels : 1/2”
• Z-Shaped Channels : 1”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 2-1/2”, 3
Interior Frame Blocking

Furring channel
Types Of Gypsum Board
Interior Gypsum Board

• Regular Type : 1/4”, 3/8” & 1/2”

• Type X : 5/8”
• Special Type X (C) : 1/2” & 5/8”
• Flexible Type : 1/4”  Ceiling Type : 1/2”
• Foil-Backed Type : 3/8”, 1/2” & 5/8”
• Abuse/Impact Resistant Type : 1/2” & 5/8”
• Moisture-and Mold-Resistant : 5/8”

Others

• Lead-lined  DensGlass Gold : accelerated schedule

Tile Backing Panels

Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Bd : 1/2” & 5/8”

Glass Mat, Water-Resistant Backing Bd : 1/2” & 5/8”
Cementitious Backer Units : 1/2” .
Types of … WALLS

Bearing

• Load Bearing :LB

• Non-load Bearing : NLB

Free-Standing

• Partition Walls
• Chase Wall Assemblies
• Furred Walls

Fire-Resistance-Rated Assemblies

• Rated vs. Non-rated

• Smoke-Resistant
Classified base on Material Classified base on height of wall
FLOOR FINISHES

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor.

Materials almost always classified as floor covering include carpet,

rugs, and resilient flooring such as linoleum or vinyl flooring.

Materials commonly called flooring include wood flooring, ceramic

tile, stone, terrazzo, and various seamless chemical floor coatings
CARPET

STONE FLOORING RUGS

FACTORS AFFECTING FLOORING

• The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors

such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning
effort.

• Some types of flooring must not be installed below grade (lower

than ground level).

• Laminate or hardwood should be avoided where there may be

moisture or condensation.
FLOORING SELECTION PARAMETER:

• Initial Cost

• Appearance • Thermal Insulation

• Cleanliness • Fire Resistance

• Durability • Smoothness

• Damp Resistance • Hardness

• Sound Insulation • Maintenance

SOFT COVERING:
• Carpet is a floor covering woven or felted from natural or
man made fiber.

• Rugs are smaller than the room in which they are located
and are generally placed over the wood flooring.

• They may be attached to the flooring below by adhesive

or other methods.
WOOD FLOORING:
• Wood are fabricated into wood flooring in two primary
forms: plank and parquet.

• Laminate is a floor covering that appears similar to

hardwood but is made with a plywood or medium density
fiberboard ("MDF") core with a plastic laminate top layer.
RESILIENT FLOORING:
• Resilient flooring is made of material that has some elasticity.

• It includes:

linoleum, sheet vinyl, vinyl composition tile (VCT), cork

(sheet or tile), rubber, and others.
HARD FLOORING:

Marble Glazed Tile

Mosaic Flooring Ceramic Flooring Chemical Flooring

Ceiling

Ceiling can be classified in two types.

• True Ceiling

• False Ceiling

True Ceiling False Ceiling

We will talk here about False ceiling.

Use of False Ceiling

• Its used to conceal varied service lines structural features ,

open pipes and wiring, and air conditioning ducts.

• It gives more options to use special lighting systems such

as cove lighting, wall washers, floating effects and so on.

• False ceiling can be used to give thermal insulation for a

given space.

• It also creates an effective sonic system especially in

auditoriums, cinema halls or recording studios.
False Ceiling

The acoustic performance of suspended ceilings has improved

dramatically over the years, with enhanced sound absorption
and attenuation.

This is sometimes achieved by adding insulation known as

sound attenuation bats (sabs), more commonly referred to as
"sound bats", above the panels to help deaden sounds and
keep
False Ceiling

A COMMERCIAL BUILDING A COMMERCIAL BUILDING WITH

WITHOUT A PLENUM AIRSPACE A PLENUM AIRSPACE.
False Ceiling

Section
False Ceiling: Hanger Wires &
Stabilizer Bar
False Ceiling: Gypsum Fixing Details
False Ceiling:

Basic grid for gyp. board false ceiling

made of channel and holdfast
False Ceiling:

Gyp. Board False Ceiling

Staircase:

WHY DO WE NEED STAIRCASE ?

• To protect people from injuries and to facilitates access

during movements from one level to the another in a
building.
Parts of Staircase:
Staircase:

• Balusters :The smaller posts fitted between the stair and the handrail, usually decorative,
and in timber or steel.

• Capping: The piece of timber that forms the edge or border for the carpet or other floor
coverings, located at the edge of the floor on upper level.

• Handrail : The shaped or molded piece of timber you hold on to as you walk up or down
the stair.

• Risers: The vertical pieces which are the solid infill between the treads.

• Stringers: The main beams that support treads and risers

Staircase: Geometry
Staircase: Geometry
Staircase: Type

Straight flight stair Straight two-flight stair Quarter-turn stair Dogleg stair with
with half-landing with landing half-landing

Open-well stair with Quarter-turn stair Spiral stair with Geometric stair
two quarter landings with winders central column (900 ) turn
Staircase:
PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED WHILE PLANNING AND DESIGNING A STAIR

PARAMETER HERE LISTED AS PER LOCAL CODES.

1. Width of Stair: It should not be less than 1.00m.

2. Length of flight: The number of steps in a single flight should not be more than 12.
4. Width of landing: It should be 150mm, more than the width of stair.
5. Winders or kite steps: Odd shaped steps should be avoided and incase found necessary.

These should be provided at the start of a stair.

6. Hand-rails: It should be 750 to 850 mm in height from the top of respective step or landing.
7. Step proportions: The size of rise and tread in a stair should be kept uniform through out
the whole stair.
8. Headroom: Minimum of 2000mm of clear headroom is required above the pitch line

Following proportions are recommended: (i) Residential buildings- Tread=250 mm Rise=160

mm (ii) Public buildings - Tread=300 mm Rise=150 mm (iii) Industrial buildings, Railway station,
etc Tread =not less then 250 mm =250 to 300 mm Rise =not less then 150 mm =150 to 190
mm o o Otherwise work out the sizes
WINDOWS AND DOORS

A Window is also a vented barrier secured in a wall

opening.

The function of the window is to admit light and air

to the building and to give a view to the outside.

WINDOW consists of two parts:-

1. Window frame

2. Window shutter
Types Of Windows
Few window types are listed in
figure.
DOORS:

• When open, they admit ventilation and light.

• The door is used to control the physical

atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air,
so that interiors may be more effectively heated
or cooled.
• Doors are significant in preventing the spread of
fire.
• They also act as a barrier to noise

It consists of two parts:-

1. Door frame
2. Door shutter
Door & Windows Technical Term
FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members,
forming an enclosure, to which the shutters are fixed.

SHUTERS:-These are the openable parts of a door or window.

HEAD:-This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame

SILL:-This is the lowest or bottom horizontal part of a window

frame, not provided in door frames.

HORN:- These are the horizontal projections of a frame..

REBATE :- It is the depression or recess made inside the door

frame to receive the door shutter
Door & Windows Technical Term

Door WINDOWS
Doors
Types of doors mainly classified on the
basis of-
• Arrangement of components
• Method or manner of construction
• Working operations
• Metal doors

Classification based on arrangement of

components

This includes four types:-

• Battened & ledged doors

• Battened, ledged and braced doors
• Battened, ledged and framed doors
• Battened, ledged, braced and framed
doors
Types Of Doors
Few door types are listed in
figure.
MEP REQUIREMNETS
What does MEP Include:

• Mechanical Services

• Electrical Services

• Plumbing and Sanitary Services

• Fire Protection Service

Component of Mechanical Services in Building:

HVAC-Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

• Thermostat. As the brain behind a home HVAC

system, the thermostat deserves the first mention.

• Furnace and Blower Motor.

• Heat Exchanger.

• Evaporator Coil.

• Condensing Unit.

• Refrigerant Lines.

• Ductwork.

• Return and Supply Registers.

Component of Electrical Services in Building:

• Providing & laying 

• complete wiring 

• Fixing all fittings and fixtures and complete electrical

installations

• Testing of Installations

• Providing consumer meters

• Submission of test reports to electric supply company

for supply connection after obtaining NOC from PWD in
cases of building exceeds set height.
Component of Plumbing Services in Building:

A designer needs to know the slope and location of wet areas so

as to avoid confliction point with water drainage system.

Plumbing services point to be noted:

• System of pipes and fixtures installed in a

building .

• Distribution and use of potable (drinkable) water

• Removal of waterborne wastes.

LIGHTING SYSTEM

Understanding The Effect Of Light On Designing.

General need for light is as follows –

• Reception 300 lux

• Halls 150 lux
• at floor level Stairs 100 lux
• at floor level Landings 150 lux
• at floor level Dining tables 100 lux
• Lounges 150 lux
• Food preparation areas 150-200 lux
• Bedrooms 50-100 lux
• Reading lamps 150 lux
• Bathroom 100 lux
• Mirror 150 lux Writing table 300 lux
• General overall lighting 50 lux
Type of light:
• Natural
• Artificial
On the way light is directed on an object

• Direct lighting

• Indirect lighting

• Diffused lighting

• Semi-indirect lighting
Direct lighting:
Indirect lighting:
Diffused lighting:
Semi-indirect lighting:
 Classification of light based on
Specific purpose:

• Accent light
• Task light
• Safety light

Task Light for reading, sewing etc. Accent Light illuminating art work Safety light to illuminate stair
Lighting Fixtures:

• Free-standing or portable
• Fixed lights

Free standing Lamp

Hanging Light Ceiling Surface Mounted Light

Thank you