Image Processing & Its Applications

Image processing & its
applications
what is an image?
 An Image Focusing by a lens. A lens gathers light
expanding from a point source, and force it to return to
apoint at another location. This allows a lens to project an
image onto a surface.

Image processing
 an electrical engineering and computer science, image
processing is any form of signal processing for which the
input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the
output of image processing may be either an image or, a
set of characteristics or parameters related to the image.
Most image-processing techniques involve treating the
image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard
signal-processing techniques to it.
 Image processing usually refers to digital image processing,
but optical and analog image processing also are possible.
This article is about general techniques that apply to all of
them. The acquisition of images (producing the input image
in the first place) is referred to as imaging.
Introduction
 Modern digital technology has made it possible to

manipulate multi-dimensional signals with systems that
range from simple digital circuits to advanced parallel
computers.An image defined in the"real world"is considered
to be a function of two real variables, for example,a(x,y)with
aas the amplitude(e.g. brightness) of the image at the real
coordinate position(x,y).An image may be considered to
contain sub-images sometimes referred to as regions-of-
interest, ROIs, or simply regions.

 An image is digitized to convert it to a form which
can be stored in a computer's memory or on some
formof storage media such as a hard disk or CD-
ROM.This digitization procedure can be done by
ascanner, or by a video camera connected to a
frame grabber board in a computer.Once the
image has been digitized, it can be operated upon
by various image processing operations.
Segmentation
 In computer vision, segmentation refers to the process of
partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of
pixels, also known as superpixels). The goal of segmentation
is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image
into something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyze.Image segmentation is typically used to locate
objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More
precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a
label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the
same label share certain visual characteristics.
 The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that
collectively cover the entire image, or a set of contours
extracted from the image. Each of the pixels in a region are
similar with respect to some characteristic or computed
property, such as color, intensity, or texture. Adjacent regions
are significantly different with respect to the same
characteristic(s).
 Original image segmented image
 Image processing operations can be roughly
divided into three major categories
 Image Compression
 Image Enhancement
 Image Restoration and
 Measurement Extraction.
Image compression
Image Compression involves
reducing the amount of memory
needed to store a digital image.
Image enhancement
 Image defects can be
caused by the digitization
process,so those fault can
be corrected by image
enhancement
 Here image features are
enhanced by making
image lighter or darker
 That means with a high or
a low contrast.
Image restoration
The purpose of image restoration
is to "compensate for" or "undo"
defects which degrade an
image. Degradation comes in
many forms such as motion blur,
noise, and camera misfocus. In
cases like motion blur, it is
possible to come up with an
very good estimate of the actual
blurring function and "undo" the
blur to restore the original
image. In cases where the
image is corrupted by noise, the
best we may hope to do is to
compensate for the degradation
it caused.
Applications & related fields
Applications of ImageProcessing
•Astronomy
•Medicine
•Crime & Finger-Print Analysis
•Remote Sensing
•Manufacturing
•Aerospace & Defence
•Movies & Entertainment and
•Multimedia20
IP for Astronomy
 •Image processing has benefited the field of astronomy by
partially removing the effect of the blurring of
astronomical images by the earth's atmosphere using
restoration and phase estimation techniques.
 •An excellent example of the efficacy of digital image
processing is in the restoring of images obtained from the
Hubble telescope.
 •As a stop gap measure, image restoration methods were
applied to the blurred images, removing a majority of the
blurring that was present and making the incoming image
susable until the corrective lenses were inserted in the
optical train of the Hubble telescope.

IP for multimedia applications
 In recent years, the motion picture industry has applied
image processing methods in the restoration of old films
and in the use of creating special effects in new movies.
 For example, before the movieMughle Azam,
underwent acomplete restoration.During the
restoration process, the spots were removed and thecolor
was read justed, correcting for the yellowing process. This
was a tedious, difficult process, because over 200,000
individual plates that comprised the movie were
restored.•Recent movies have incorporated special
effects that would notbe possible without the use of image
processing. For example,“morphing”of one object into
another is easily accomplished using digital techniques39

Image morphing
 Image morphing is a useful visualization technique. It
is often used for educational or entertaining purposes.
Image morphing techniques have been widely used in
creating special effects for television commercials,
music videos such as Michael Jackson's Black or
White, and movies such as Willow and Indiana Jones
and the Last Crusade.
 Image morphing is an image processing technique
used to compute a transformation, that is, a
metamorphosis, from one image to another. The
process is called "morph" for short. The idea is to
create a sequence of intermediate images, which
when put together with the original images,
represents the transition from one image to the other.
 In a morphing sequence between two faces, the middle
image often looks strikingly life-like, as a real person, but
clearly it is neither the person in the first or in the second
image. See below. The image in the middle is half
influenced by the left and half influenced by the right image.

 The morphed pictures in sequence can be shown as a
dynamic process like a movie. The result can be very
interesting. Please see the example below.
 Morphing between two images achieves the best results if
the images are roughly of the same shape and colors, e.g.
morphing from a tree to a cat may not result in such a good
transition as when morphing from one face to another. In
this case the middle image might look strange since it got
no equivalence in the real world. (Although, sometimes, this
is just what we are looking for.)
Ip for agro based poducts
 IP for grading agro-products•Image Processing has

recently contributed a lottowards non-destructive
testing & grading ofagro-products such as
fruits/vegetables andgrains
Ip for medical application
 The medical field has benefited greatly from the use of
digital image processing. Images processing.•Images
processing techniques have been applied to ultra
sonicimagery, improving the evaluation and monitoring
of the fetus during prenatal care.•Image processing has
also made the early diagnosis of breast cancer much
easier by enhancing X-ray images of the chest.•With
the suspect tissue high lighted, a medical technician
can concentrate on these areas, Improving the
accuracy of the diagnosis.• Image processing methods
have become standard practice in the generation of
magnetic resonance images.
 Using image enhancement
technique a better x-ray or
bone scan can be
obtained.
Image Processing for security
 •Both crime and finger print analysis have

benefited from the various image processing
techniques thatexist.•For example, given an old
photograph of a young child who has been
reported missing,
 •image processing methods can be used to predict
the changes in the facial features as the child
ages.
 •This allows law enforcement agents to estimate
the appearance of a child who has been missing
form any years.
The iris-scan process begins with a
photograph. A specialized camera,
typically very close to the subject, not
more than three feet, uses an infrared
imager to illuminate the eye and capture a
very high-resolution photograph. This
process takes 1 to 2 seconds.
Creating iris code
 The picture of eye first is processed by software that

localizes the inner and outer boundaries of the iris.
 And it is encoded by image-processing technologies.
 In less than few seconds, even on a database of millions
of records, the iris code template generated from a live
image is compared to previously enrolled ones to see if
it matches to any of them.
“Things that think….
don’t make sense unless they link..”

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Image Processing & Its Applications

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Image processing & its

 Modern digital technology has made it possible to

 IP for grading agro-products•Image Processing has

 •Both crime and finger print analysis have

 The picture of eye first is processed by software that

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