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    Operating Microscope: Submitted By: Meisha Imam Roll No: BSMMG38F17 Submitted To: Dr. Mehboob Ahmed

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    Meisha Imam
    The document discusses the operating microscope, which provides surgeons with magnified, bright, and clear visualization of small anatomical structures during surgery. It describes the history and development of the operating microscope from early compound microscopes to modern digital surgical microscopes. Key components of the microscope include the microscope body with adjustable optics, a light source, and a supporting structure. Operating microscopes are used across many medical specialties where precision and magnification are important, such as neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and ophthalmology.

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    Operating Microscope: Submitted By: Meisha Imam Roll No: BSMMG38F17 Submitted To: Dr. Mehboob Ahmed

    Uploaded by

    Meisha Imam
    17 views25 pages
    The document discusses the operating microscope, which provides surgeons with magnified, bright, and clear visualization of small anatomical structures during surgery. It describes the history and development of the operating microscope from early compound microscopes to modern digital surgical microscopes. Key components of the microscope include the microscope body with adjustable optics, a light source, and a supporting structure. Operating microscopes are used across many medical specialties where precision and magnification are important, such as neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and ophthalmology.

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    The document discusses the operating microscope, which provides surgeons with magnified, bright, and clear visualization of small anatomical structures during surgery. It describes the history and development of the operating microscope from early compound microscopes to modern digital surgical microscopes. Key components of the microscope include the microscope body with adjustable optics, a light source, and a supporting structure. Operating microscopes are used across many medical specialties where precision and magnification are important, such as neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and ophthalmology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views25 pages

    Operating Microscope: Submitted By: Meisha Imam Roll No: BSMMG38F17 Submitted To: Dr. Mehboob Ahmed

    Uploaded by

    Meisha Imam
    The document discusses the operating microscope, which provides surgeons with magnified, bright, and clear visualization of small anatomical structures during surgery. It describes the history and development of the operating microscope from early compound microscopes to modern digital surgical microscopes. Key components of the microscope include the microscope body with adjustable optics, a light source, and a supporting structure. Operating microscopes are used across many medical specialties where precision and magnification are important, such as neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and ophthalmology.

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    Operating

    Microscope
    Submitted by: Meisha Imam
    Roll No: BSMMG38F17
    Submitted to: Dr. Mehboob Ahmed 
    Background

     Various diseases, including cancer, require surgery as a prime treatment method.


     One key actor for surgeons to operate accurately is a clear visualization of the
    anatomical structures.
     This has never been easy. some anatomical structures are very small, varying from
    millimeters to microns.
     They might have close proximity to other organs or tissue
     A clear view of these structures requires a resolution well beyond that of  human
    eyes.
     Lack of illumination in narrow cavities and deep channels results in a dim
    visualization with shadows
    Continued

     Poor visualization may lead to inappropriate operation on anatomical structures or


    a nearby organ.
     This which will affect the surgical outcome, reduce organ preservation, or even
    cause life-threatening consequences.
     Sufficient magnification and proper illumination are vital for the success of
    surgery.
     Before the advent of the surgical microscope, surgeons had been using various
    magnifying systems mounted on spectacles or headbands.
    History

     In 1590, compound microscope had been invented  and was used for examination
    of wounds and scars in the late 17th century, it had several limitations.
     Carl Zeiss company presented a binocular loupe with a working distance of 25 cm,
    which opened the door to modern microsurgery.
     In the late 19th century, Ernst Abbe proposed numerical aperture and greatly
    enhanced the resolution of microscopes.
     In 1921 a monocular microscope truly entered the operating room for an aural
    surgery.
     One year later, this idea was modified using a binocular microscope.
    Introduction

     A surgical microscope, also known as an operating microscope, is an optical


    microscope
     It is specifically designed to be used in a surgical setting.
     It is especially requisite for microsurgery.
     Surgical microscopes provide adjustable magnification, bright illumination, and
    clear visualization
    Earliest
    Operating
    Microscopes
    (a) Brinell–Leitz
    monocular microscope used
    by Carl Olof Nylen and the
    modified Brinell microscope
     (b) Zeiss binocular
    microscope adapted by
    Holmgren
    Zeiss
    company's
    Microscope 
    Zeiss-Opton microscope by
    Hans Littman had various
    magnification options and
    one working distance.
    Revolutionized

    Operating
    Microscope
    Surgical microscope Zeiss OPMI
    1:
    (a) Zeiss OPMI 1 on its stand
    with motorized head,
    (b) Zeiss OPMI 1 with a camera,
    and
    (c) Zeiss OPMI 1 optical
    diagram.
    Revolutionized 
    Operating 
    Microscope
    Surgical microscope OPMI 2
    and OPMI 3
    Components

     A surgical microscope can be roughly divided into a microscope body, a light


    source, and a supporting structure.
     Each of these is vital for the performance of the microscope.
     Modern microscopes have adopted advanced technologies to facilitate
    visualization and surgical navigation.
    Microscope body

     It has all the high-precision optics that provide a clear magnified image with the
    minimum distortion.
     The binoculars mounted on the microscope head offer stereopsis.
     Multiple optical ports are open for adaptation of imaging devices.
     These imaging devices can be video cameras or for assistants to share the
    identical FOV.
    Microscope
    body
    Light source 

     It is installed away from the microscope to avoid heating the microscope optics or
    the surgical site.
     Commonly used light sources for surgical microscope are:
     xenon light bulbs
     halogen light bulbs 
     light-emitting diodes (LED)
    Supporting structure 

     Based on the configuration, there are four types of surgical microscopes:


     on casters
     wall mounted 
     table top
     ceiling mounted.
     Supporting structure has precision motorized mechanics
     The microscope can be balanced easily and adjusted flexibly to the right position
    with the help of these motors
    Supporting
    structure 
    Magnification and Resolution
     Magnification
     The total magnification (Mtotal) of a surgical microscope is determined by all the four optical
    components in the microscope
     the focal length of the objective lens (fOBJ)

     zoom value (MZOOM) 

     the focal length of binocular (fTUBE)

     the magnifying power of eyepieces (MEP)

     Resolution
     Human eyes have an inherent resolution of 0.2 mm 
     With 20× magnification it can be increased to 0.01 mm
    Principle

     The basic principle of the microscope is two convex lenses ( objective lens and eyepiece
    lens) 
     These are separated to a certain distance more than the focal length of each lens.
     The primary requisite for the good operating microscope is smooth magnification without
    any change in working distance. 
     Working distance is the distance between the objective lens and the main focusing point. 
     For the smooth transition of this magnification, the operating microscope is fitted with a
    magnification changer based on the principle of the Galilean telescope .
    Principle of
    Operating
    Microscope
    Specimen Preparation

     The speciman in this case are the organs and the tissues which are observed live
    under the microscope.
     Various fluorescent dyes have been invented for different surgical applications and
    put into use. 
     Most invented dyes generate visible fluorescence,  surgeons are provided with a
    high contrast of visualization, and they are able to separate different tissues with
    human eyes. 
     Besides the visible exogenous fluorescence, some dyes that emit fluorescence in
    the NIR wavelength range, such as the ICG, are also helpful during surgery.
    Image

     The intraoperative imaging modalities have been evaluated with surgical


    microscopes to provide real-time diagnostic information.
     It helps surgeons relate the preoperative twodimensional (2D) images with the
    real 3D surgical site intraoperatively for navigation. 
     The overlay of images reveals not only the 3D model but also the anatomical
    structures beneath the patient’s skin.
    Information provided 

     Operating microscope helps in the visualization of the surgery being performed.


     A surgical microscope is able to provide a clear, bright, and magnified view of the
    surgical site
     This also  allow photography or video to be taken of the operating field.
     plastic surgery
     dentistry (especially endod  Spine Surgery
    ontics)  Neurovascular surgery
     root canal therapy  Aneurysms
    Uses  ENT surgery  Moyamoya disease
    Fields of medicine that  ophthalmic surgery  Stroke
    make significant use of  Neurosurgery.  Otology
    the operating  brain tumor resection  Rhinology
    microscope include:  Thyroidectomy  Laryngology
     retinal detachment  Head and neck surgery
     lymphaticovenular
    anastomosis (LVA)
    Availability in Pakistan and price 

     In Pakistan the operating microscopes are nearly available at all following places
    where either surgeries or compelete observation of the eye and ear are made:
     hospitals 
     dental clinics
     Aopthalmology clinics
     The price of an operating microscope can range from $10,000 to $40,000
    depending upon the advanced features it have.
    Research use

     The further research and advancement can help in directly visualizing the bacteria
    and viruses in the organs, tissues of the human body.
    References

     http://www.eophtha.com/posts/a-beginners-guide-to-ophthalmic-surgical-micros
    cope#:~:text=The%20basic%20principle%20of%20the,any%20change%20in%20
    working%20distance
    .
     https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-biomedical-optics/volume-2
    6/issue-01/010901/Comprehensive-review-of-surgical-microscopes--technology-d
    evelopment-and-medical/10.1117/1.JBO.26.1.010901.full?SSO=1
     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069782/
     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_microscope#:~:text=An%20operating%2
    0microscope%20or%20surgical,setting%2C%20typically%20to%20perform%20m
    icrosurgery.&text=Additionally%20specialized%20microsurgical%20instruments
    %20may,improved%20vision%20the%20microscope%20affords
    .

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