THERMODYNAMIC

S
General Chemistry II: CHAPTER 6
 REPORTERS
LESSON 1: Spontaneous Reactions

6.1
Limos, Klyde
- Spontaneous Change 6.2 Castro, Samantha
- Entropy

Del Castillo, Maricris Dalope, Alexies Jyne

6.3 - Entropy and the Second Law

of Thermodynamics 6.4 - Enthalpy and Entropy

LESSON 2: Gibbs Free Energy

6.5 Gomapos, Gian

- Free Energy
6.6
Galabay, Kenneth
- Standard Free Energy
Changes
 Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes and flow of energy from one system
to another.

 “Thermo” means “heat” and “dynamics means “movement”

LESSON 1: Spontaneous Reactions

Spontaneous
Reactions

ENTHALPHY ENTROPY
CHANGE, ΔS  TEMPERATURE
CHANGE, ΔH

ΔH= +;endothermic ΔS= +; spontaneous

ΔH= -; exothermic ΔS= -; nonspontaneous
ΔS= 0; reaction at
equilibrium (process has
no tendency to occur
6.1 Spontaneous Change
Reporter: Limos, Gian Klyde
• A process is spontaneous if it occurs without
intervention or assistance.
• A spontaneous process may be fast or slow.
• An example of spontaneous process is a biochemical
reaction that takes place when you touch something
that is very hot.
• A slow spontaneous event is the gradual erosion of a
mountain.
To understand the idea of spontaneity,
consider the following physical and chemical
processes:
• Heat flows from a hot object to a cooler one. The reverse
process never occurs spontaneously.
• A gas fills its container uniformly. It never collects
spontaneously at one side of the container.
• A marble rolls down an inclined plane, but it never
spontaneously roll back up the inclined plane.
• Wood burns spontaneously in an exothermic reaction to
form CO2 and H2O, but it does not form when CO2 and
H2O are heated together.

• Ice spontaneously melts at a temperature above zero

degree celsius and freeze at a temperature below zero
degree celsius.

• When steel is exposed to air and moisture, it rusts

spontaneously. However, iron oxide in rust does not
spontaneously change back to iron metal and oxygen gas.
Early scientists discovered that a process would be
spontaneous if it were exothermic. Although, this
factor is important, since many spontaneous
processes are exothermic, it is not the only
consideration.
Some examples of spontaneous
endothermic changes:

1. Melting of ice
2. Dissolution of salts in water

 These reactions are endothermic and spontaneous.

 Many years of observation have shown that in
these examples, there is an increase in randomness
or disorder of the systems.
• The water molecules in ice are arranged in an
ordered crystal pattern that allows little movement.
As the ice melts, the water molecules become
disorganized and move more freely. The same
happens when salts dissolve in water. The ions that
form salt are able to leave the ordered crystal
pattern and spread randomly in the solution.
6.2 ENTROPY
BY: SAMANTHA ADRIANE R.
CASTRO
ENTROPY
After many years of study, scientists concluded that the
factor common to all spontaneous processes is an
increase in a property called entropy, denoted by S.

Entropy is considered as a measure of molecular

randomness or disorder. A natural tendency of things to
proceed from state of order to a state of disorder.
ENTROPY

On the basis of pure chance, a disordered sequence is

more probable than the ordered arrangement with which
you began.
The law of disorder also applies at the level of atoms and
molecules.
1. For a given substance, the entropy of gas is greater than the
entropy of the liquid or solid.

2. Entropy often increase in chemical reactions in which the

total number of product molecules is greater then the total
number of reactant molecules.
3. Entropy increases when a substance is divided into parts. For
instance, when an ionic compound like NaCl dissolves in water.

4. Entropy tends to increase when temperature increases. As the

temperature rises, the molecules moves faster, which increases
disorder.

The standard entropy of the reaction can be solved by

ΔS°rxn = ΣmS°­(products) - ΣmS°(reactants)
Revisiting Enthalpy
The enthalpy, H, of a substance represents the energy of that substance. It
changes are summarized as:
1. ΔHreaction = ΔHproducts – ΔHreactants
2. - ΔH means that the reaction is exothermic.
+ ΔH means that the reaction is endothermic.
3. The standard enthalpy change, ΔH°, is the heat transferred in the
reaction with reactants and products in their standard states.
ΔH° = ΔH°f(products) - ΔH°f(reactants)
4. The enthalpy change is directly proportional to the amount of reactants
and products involved.
ΔH°rxn = mΔH°f(products) - mΔH°f(reactants)
5. The enthalpy change for a net reaction (sum of two or more) is the sum
of the enthalpy changes for the summed reaction as stated by Hess’ law.
6.3 Entropy and the
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
PRESENTED BY: MARICRIS DEL CASTILLO
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
 as mention earlier, a process is said to be spontaneous
if it results in an increase in disorder. Nature always
moves toward the most probable state available. This
principle can be stated in terms of entropy as, “in any
spontaneous process there is always an increase in the
entropy of the universe.” This is the second law of
thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics
tells us that the energy of the universe is constant.
Energy is conserved in the universe, but entropy is
not. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that
the entropy of the universe is increasing.
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
 In chapter 3, we showed that the universe is
divided into a system and the surroundings. So we
can represent the change in the entropy of the
universe as.

The total amount
of energy and matter in
the Universe remains co
nstant, merely changing
from one form to another.
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
   predict whether a given process will
To
be spontaneous, we must know the sign
of the S of S is positive, the entropy of
the universe increases, and the process
is spontaneous in the direction written.
If S is negative, the process is non-
spontaneous. If S is zero, the process
has no tendency to occur, and the
system is at equilibrium. To predict
whether a process is spontaneous, we
must consider the entropy changes in the
system and the surroundings, and then
take their sum.
6.4 Enthalphy and
Entropy
Reporter: Alexies Jyne Dalope
 Enthalphy and Entropy

● For any chemical reaction, heat is either released

or absorbed. In every reaction, entropy either
increases or decreases
 A diamond has low entropy because the crystal
structure fixes its atoms in place. If you smash the
diamond, entropy increases because the original,
single crystal becomes hundreds of tiny pieces that
can be rearranged in many ways.
EXAMPLE
Example 6.1: Predict whether the reactions lead to
an increase or a decrease in entropy.
a. CO 2(l) → CO2(g)
Solution
a. The CO 2(l) becomes more dispersed when it
turns into gas as disorder is increased, and
eventually, there will be an increase in entropy.
ΔS = Sfinal – Sinitial

b. Four moles of gaesous reactants produce

two moles of gaseous products. A more
b. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
ordered final state and a decrease in
entropy occur.

c. Gaseous include forming iodine solid

involves a change from a larger
c. I2(g) → I2(s) volume to a smaller volume, which
results in a negative ΔS (the entropy
decreases).
GROUP 5
FREE ENERGY
LESSON 6.5

GIAN MAXIMUM C. GOMAPOS

 JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS
• AMERICAN SCIENTIST WHO MADE SIGNIFICANT
THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHYSICS,
CHEMISTRY AND MATHEMATICS HIS WORK ON
THE APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS WAS
INSTRUMENTAL IN TRANSFORMING
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY INTO A RIGOROUS
INDUCTIVE SCIENCE.

FREE ENERGY
LESSON 6.5
 MANY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL  PROCESSES RELEASE ENERGY THAT CAN
BE USED TO CAUSE OTHER CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES.  THAT IS,
GROUP 5 SOME OF THE ENERGY RELEASED IN A REACTION CAN BE USED TO DO
WORK, SUCH AS DRIVING PISTONS OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
FREE OF A CAR. FREE ENERGY IS ENERGY THAT IS AVAILABLE TO DO WORK.
HOWEVER,  NOT ALL FREE ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR WORK IS USED
ENERGY EFFICIENTLY. THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE OF A CAR IS ONLY 30%
OF A FREE ENERGY RELEASED BY BURNING GASOLINE IS USED TO PROPEL
LESSON 6.5
THE CAR. THE REMAINING 70% IS LOST TO FRICTION AND AS HEAT. LIVING
THINGS ARE SOME OF THE MOST EFFICIENT USERS OF FREE ENERGY
ALTHOUGH MOST ARE  NOR EVEN 70% EFFICIENT.

THE ENERGY RELEASED IN AN SPONTANEOUS REACTION IS AVAILABLE TO

 In gibbsDOfree energy
WORK. THIS is the maximum
ENERGY IS CALLEDamount of FREE
THE GIBBS ene ENERGY, NAMED
AFTER JOSIAH WILLARD  GIBBS, A FAMOUS AMERICAN SCIENTIST. HE IS
CREDITED WITH MUCH OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL
THERMODYNAMICS. HE PROPOSED A THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPT  TO
SIMULTANEOUSLY COMBINE THE CONCEPTS OF ENTROPY AND ENTHALPY.
HE CALLED THIS CALLED THIS CONCEPT FREE ENERGY. IT IS NOW CALLED
GIBBS FREE ENERGY IN HIS HONOR AND IS GIVEN THE SYMBOL G

THE CHANGE IN GIBBS FREE ENERGY IS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF

   GIAN MAXIMUM C.
ENERGY THAT CAN BE COMPLIED TO ANOTHER PROCESS TO DO USEFUL
GOMAPOS
WORK. THE CHANGE IN GIBBS FREE ENERGY IS RELATED IS THE CHANGE IN
ENTROPY AND THE CHANGE OF ENTHALPY OF THE SYSTEM.
 STANDARD
FREE ENERGY
CHANGES
By: Kenneth Galabay
• 6.6 Standard Free Energy Changes
• For a reaction carried out under standard conditions,
the free energy change is called standard free energy
change The conventions used to detine standard states
of pure substance and solutions are summarized in
Table 6.3 in general.
• where is the stoichiometric coefficient, and AGis the
standard free energy formation of mole of a compound
• (Formula on the next slide)