Heat pipe is a heat transfer device which transports large

quantities of heat with minimum temperature gradient

without any additional power between the two temperature
limits. It consists of three different sections namely
evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections . These three
parts have equal importance and can significantly affect the
performance of a heat pipe. The heat pipe is having a high
thermal conductance which utilizes the transport of a vapor
and rejection of latent heat to achieve efficient thermal
energy transport. The theory of heat pipes is well developed.
As a result, the effective thermal conductivity may be several
orders of magnitudes higher than that of the good solid
conductors.
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Now a days heat pipes are used in several applications , where
one has limited space and the necessity of a high heat flux. It
is used In space applications and also in heat transfer systems ,
cooling of computers , cell phones and cooling of solar
collectors .
The main aim of this project is to fabricate and analyse the
heat pipe performance . Heat pipe performace is generally
depends on the material of container and working fluid . In
this project formulation of the experimental work and
analyzing the effect of working parameters of the heat pipe to
predict the optimal parameter of heat pipe such as heat input,
inclination angle and flow rate is done.
 What is a Heat Pipe?
A heat pipe heat exchanger is a simple device which is
made use of to transfer heat from one location to another,
using an evaporation-condensation cycle.
Heat pipes are referred to as the "superconductors" of heat
due to their fast transfer capability with low heat loss.
 Working Principle

• The heat input region of the heat pipe is called evaporator, the
cooling region is called condenser.
• In between the evaporator and condenser regions, there may be
an adiabatic region
Ideal Thermodynamic Cycle
• Container
• Working fluid
• Wick or Capillary structure
1.Container
The function of the container is to isolate the working fluid
from the outside environment.
Selection of the container material depends on many
factors. These are as follows:

Compatibility (both with working fluid and external

environment)
Strength to weight ratio
Thermal conductivity
Ease of fabrication, including welding, machineability and
ductility
Porosity
Wettability
Container materials
Of the many materials available for the container, three are by
far the most common in use—name copper, aluminum, and
stainless steel.
Copper is eminently satisfactory for heat pipes
operating between 0–200◦C in applications such as electronics
cooling.
While commercially pure copper tube is suitable, the oxygen-
free high conductivity type is preferable.
Like aluminum and stainless steel, the material is readily
available and can be obtained in a wide variety of diameters and
wall thicknesses in its tubular form.
 The prime requirements are:
1.compatibility with wick and wall material
2.Good thermal stability
3.wettability of wick and wall materials
4.vapor pressure not too high or low over the operating
temperature range
5.high latent heat
6.high thermal conductivity
7.low liquid and vapor viscosities
8.high surface tension
9.acceptable freezing or pour point
 Examples of Working Fluid
Boiling Point at Useful Range
Melting  Point  (°C)
Medium Atm.  Pressure
(°C)
(°C)

Helium -271 -261 -271 to -269

Nitrogen -210 -196 -203 to -160
Ammonia -78 -33 -60 to 100
Acetone -95 57 0 to 120
Methanol -98 64 10 to 130
Flutec PP2 -50 76 10 to 160
Ethanol -112 78 0 to 130
Water 0 100 30 to 200
Toluene -95 110 50 to 200
Mercury -39 361 250 to 650
Sodium 98 892 600 to 1200
Lithium 179 1340 1000 to 1800
Silver 960 2212 1800 to 2300
 Advantages Of Heat Pipes
May reduce or eliminate the need fir reheat,
Allow cost effective manner to accommodate new
ventilation standards,
Requires no mechanical or electrical input,
Are virtually maintenance free,
Provide lower operating costs,
Last a very long time,
Readily adaptable to new installations and retrofiting
existing A/C units and
Are environmentally safe.
 Heat Pipe Applications
Electronics cooling- small high performance components
cause high heat fluxes and high heat dissipation demands.
Used to cool transistors and high density semiconductors.

Aerospace- cool satellite solar array, as well as shuttle

leading edge during reentry.

Heat exchangers- power industries use heat pipe heat

exchangers as air heaters on boilers.

Other applications- production tools, medicine and

human body temperature control, engines and automotive
industry.
 Applications
LAPTOP HEAT PIPE SOLUTION
Heat pipes used in processor
Space craft
HEAT PIPE IN CPU
Camera

Cooler Combined Heat pipe / water cooling Jacket for

hi-def CCD camera.
 HEATPIPE SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS DIMENSIONS

Outside diameter , m
Inside diameter , m
Evaporator length , m 0.35
Condensor length , m 0.10
Adiabatic length , m 0.25
Total length , m 0.7
Working Fluid R134-a , Distilled
Water
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
DIFFERENT WORKING FLUIDS
R134-a Distilled Water
IUPAC name Water is a chemical compound
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane with the chemical formula H
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is an 2O. A water molecule contains
inert gas used primarily as a one oxygen and two hydrogen
"high-temperature" atoms that are connected by
refrigerant for domestic covalent bonds. 
refrigeration and automobile
air conditioners
 R134a DISTILLED WATER
Density : 0.00425 g/cm³, gas  Density: 1,000.00 kg/m³
Formula : CH2FCF3  Formula: H2O
Melting point : -103.3°C Melting point: 0 °C
(169.85 K) Molar mass: 18.01528 g/mol
Molar mass : 102.03 g/mol Triple point
Boiling point : -26.3°C temperature: 0.01 °C
(246.85 K) Boiling point: 99.98 °C
IUPAC ID : 1,1,1,2- IUPAC ID: Water, Oxidane
Tetrafluoroethane
 VACUME CREATION
A vacuum is created using a vacuum pump. Vacuum
pumps work by removing all the air out of a confined
area. Usually to obtain a high vacuum, meaning very
little air left, a piston type vacuum pump is used.
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The test section consists of three parts, as mentioned
earlier, evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections. In the
experiment the heat transfer characteristics were measured
for two different liquids (distilled water and R134-a).
Ceramic plates were placed under the evaporator section.
Power to the heater was provided from line supply through
a variac.
A fan was directed towards the Condensor for forced
convection to occur at this section.Three sets of
thermocouple wires were fixed with the body by means of
glue.
At first each thermocouple sets were fused together at the
top point and it was ensured that except the top point,
they do not touch at any other points. Then they were
attached with the body. The other ends of the
thermocouple wires were connected with the digital
thermocouple reader by means of connecting wires.
Thermocouples were placed at three points on the surface
of the heat pipe,one at evaporator section, noe at
adiabatic section and one at condenser section.
Experiments were conducted with working fluid inside.
Its performance is considered as the base for the
evaluation of the heat pipe (with working fluid in it).
The transient tests were conducted on the heat pipe, in
which heater was put on and the temperature rise was
observed at regular intervals till the steady state was
achieved. After achievement of steady state the
temperatures at the three points were noted by changing
the positions of the selector switch.
This experiment was repeated for different heat inputs and
for different working fluids. Various plots were drawn to
study the performance of the miniature heat pipe to
optimize the fluid inventory. The different heat inputs were
achieved by changing the out put voltage from the variac. 
All the temperature readings, at the three points on the
heat pipe surface, were taken for all two working fluids
after reaching steady state condition.
 
  Comparison of R134a and DistilledWater at 0c
inclination of Heatpipe

V I P T1 T2 T3 R h V I P T T2 T3 R h
(v) (A) (W) (K) (K) (K) (°c/w) (v) (A) (w) (K) (k (K (°c/
90 0.11 10 48 34 35 1.45 14 ) ) w)

100 0.2 20 48 39 39 0.45 41 90 0.11 10 48 35 33 1.5 12

110 0.28 30 56 48 48 0.27 68 100 0.2 20 48 39 36 0.6 30

120 0.33 40 60 56 52 0.2 91 110 0.28 30 52 46 40 0.4 45
130 0.38 50 62 60 56 0.08 152 120 0.33 40 56 48 46 0.25 61
130 0.38 50 60 56 52 0.16 114
  Comparison of R134a and Distilled Water at 5c
inclination of Heatpipe

V I P T1 T2 T3 R h V I P T1 T2 T3 R h
(v) (A) (w) (k (k (k (°C/ (V) (A) (w (k (k (k (°C/
) ) ) W) ) ) ) ) W)
90 0.11 10 48 39 35 1.45 14 90 0.11 10 48 39 33 1.5 12
100 0.2 20 56 48 39 0.75 21 100 0.2 20 52 39 36 0.8 23
110 0.28 30 56 56 48 0.27 68 110 0.28 30 52 46 40 0.4 45
120 0.33 40 60 56 56 0.10 182 120 0.33 40 56 48 48 0.2 91
130 0.38 50 63 62 60 0.06 303 130 0.38 50 60 56 56 0.08 227
  Comparison of R134a and DistilledWater at 10c
inclination of Heatpipe

V I P T1 T2 T3 R h V I P T1 T2 T3 R h
90 0.11 10 48 35 33 1.47 12 90 0.11 10 48 39 33 1.5 12
100 0.2 20 48 48 39 0.45 40 100 0.2 20 50 44 40 0.5 36
110 0.28 30 53 49 46 0.23 78 110 0.28 30 56 48 48 0.27 68
120 0.33 40 56 56 48 0.20 91 120 0.33 40 60 56 52 0.2 91
130 0.38 50 60 56 56 0.08 227 130 0.38 50 63 60 58 0.09 182
  Comparison of R134a and DistilledWater at
15c inclination of Heatpipe

V I P T1 T2 T3 R h V I P T1 T2 T3 R h
90 0.11 10 48 35 33 1.55 12 90 0.11 10 48 35 32 1.6 11
100 0.2 20 48 39 39 0.45 40 100 0.2 20 48 40 39 0.45 40
110 0.28 30 56 48 48 0.28 68 110 0.28 30 54 48 44 0.33 55
120 0.33 40 60 56 56 0.1 182 120 0.33 40 60 56 52 0.2 91
130 0.38 50 62 60 60 0.04 455 130 0.38 50 62 62 58 0.08 227

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 CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained for investigating the performance of
the heat pipe after conducting the experiments are
summarized as follows.
The rate at which the heat transfer occurs very fast
hence it finds large applications.
Heat pipe has a very compact size and it makes the
entire system compact.
The steady state temperature increases with increased
heat loads.
The overall heat transfer coefficient of heatpipe
increases with increase in heat input for R134a ,while
water filled heat pipe shows a nearly constant value.
 Heat input has significant effect on the performance
of Heatpipe. It is found that overall heat transfer
coefficient is higher for higher heat input.
It is observed that for the same heat input and
inclination angle of Heatpipe with R134a as working
fluid performs better than Distilled Water.
The thermal resistance decreased as the angle of
inclination increased and reached a minimum value
when the heat pipe was in vertical position
 
REFERENCES

Andrews, J; Akbarzadeh, A; Sauciue, I.: Heat Pipe

Technology, Pergammon, 1997.
Dunn, P.D.; Reay, D.A.: Heat Pipes, Pergammon, 1994.
www.heatpipe.com.
www.cheresources.com.
www.indek.com
www.wikipedia.org
THANK YOU