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Hidrologi Dasar
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 MODUL #3 - HUJAN
HIDROLOGI DASAR
GEL 1301 – 2 SKS

JURUSAN GEOGRAFI LINGKUNGAN

FAKULTAS GEOGRAFI
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
2013
Unsur-Unsur Meteorologi
Presipitasi (Tipe-tipe, keragaman,
pengukuran dan perhitungan)
Kelembaban Udara
Temperatur
Angin & Radiasi
 The Hydrologic Cycle

 Infiltration = Groundwater System

 Runoff = Surface Water System
 Runoff = Precipitation - Evapotranspiration
 Pustaka

•Pettersen, S., 1958, Introduction to Meteorology, McGraw-Hill Book

Company Inc, New York.
•Bayong Tjasjono, 1995, Klimatologi Umum, ITB Press, Bandung.
•Prawirowardoyo, S., 1996, Meteorologi, ITB Press, Bndung.
•Alber Miller, Jack C. Thompson, Richard E. Peterson, Donal R. Haragan.,
1983, Elements of Meteorology, Fourth Edition, Charles E Merril Publishing
Company, Columbus.
•Lakitan, B., 1997, Dasar-Dasar Klimatologi, PT Raja Grafindo Persada,
Jakarta.
•Linacre, E., 1992, Climate Data and Resources : A Refference and Guide,
Routledge, London.
•Russel D.T., and Perry, A., 1997, Applied Climatology : Principles and
Practise, London.
 Proses-proses apa yang terjadi
Pada gambar siklus hidrologi di bawah ini ?
 PRECIPITATION
 In Meteorology, the deposition of moisture from the
atmosphere on to the earth’s surface (Dictionary of
Geography, 1992, Oxford University Press)
 Precipitation includes all forms of water particles or
hydrometeors that fall to the ground (Albert Miller
et.al, 1983, Elements of Meteorology)
 Precipitation refers to all liquid and frozen forms of
water (rain, snow, hail, dew, fog), but in general, only
rain and snow make significant contribution to
precipitation totals (Roger G.Barry, 1992, Atmosphere
Weather and Climate)
PRESIPITASI
 ?Precipitation
Precipitation is any
form of water that
falls to the Earth's
surface. Different
forms of
precipitation
include rain, snow,
sleet, and
freezing rain.
 Syarat terjadinya hujan

1. Kandungan
atmospheric
moisture yang
cukup
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE

• Represented as humidity

• The more humid the air the

greater amount of moisture

• The bigger chance to get

clouds
 Syarat terjadinya hujan

1. Kandungan
atmospheric
moisture yang
cukup
2. Terbentuknya
awan
Clouds can be formed if the air
is getting cold

The air is getting cold if

the air moves upward
 cirruss

cumulonimbus
cumulus art
 Syarat terjadinya hujan

1. Kandungan
atmospheric
moisture yang
cukup
2. Terbentuknya
awan
3. Terbentuknya
hujan
JENIS AWAN
• High Clouds
5,000-13,000m
•Middle Clouds
2,000-7,000m
Low Clouds
Surface-2,000m
Stratus
Clouds with Vertical Growth
Surface-13,000m
Unusual Clouds
(View cloud heights on each cloud's
individual page)
Contrails
5,000-13,000m
The cloud heights provided in this table
are for the mid-latitudes. Cloud heights
are different at the tropics and in the
polar regions.
In addition, a few other cloud types are
found in higher layers of the atmosphere.
Polar stratospheric clouds are located in
a layer of the atmosphere called the
stratosphere.
Polar mesoshperic, or noctilucent,
clouds are located in the atmospheric
layer called the mesosphere
 Precipitation is
condensed moisture
that falls to the
ground as rain, sleet,
snow, hail, or
freezing rain.
1. Snow
• Snow is part of the cryosphere. It is a type of
precipitation in which water falls as ice crystals, or
combinations of many ice crystals, called snowflakes.
Snowflakes form in clouds where the temperature is
below freezing (0ºC, or 32ºF). The ice crystals form
around tiny bits of dirt that have been carried up into
the atmosphere by the wind. As the snow crystals grow,
they become heavier and fall toward Earth.
• Each snowflake can be made of as many as 200 ice
crystals. Many snowflakes are symmetrical hexagonal
(six-sided) shapes because water molecules often
organize with this type of symmetry as they freeze. If
they spin like tops as they fall to the ground, they may
be perfectly symmetrical. Other types of snowflakes end
up lopsided. Different types of snowflakes form in
different conditions. Temperature determines if the
crystals become a flat plate, a long column, or a prism
shape.
• From this picture, you can see where
relatively snow would be in the
atmosphere during a warm and cold
front confrontation.
• The interesting thing about snow is
that it is formed by means of
sublimation.
• Sublimation is the changing of
gaseous water vapor into solid water
(snowflakes) without going through
the liquid stage of water.
2. Sleet
• Sleet is defined as frozen raindrops that
bounce on impact with the ground. Sleet
is shown as pink in this picture on the cold
side of the warm front. As temperatures
continue to decrease, freezing rain turns
into sleet.
• Sleet is less common than freezing rain,
and the largest difference between the
two is that sleet is frozen before it comes
in contact with a cold surface.
• As you can see in this picture, rain falls from the
clouds and encounters a cold belt of air causing
the raindrops to freeze into snowflakes. Then the
frozen rain hits a belt of warm air, causing them
to partially melt. Then the wet snow hits a final
belt of really frigid air which causes them to
refreeze into sleet.
• Sleet develops under very specific weather
conditions. It is difficult to forecast. It is similar
to freezing rain with the respect that it makes
slippery conditions, but another difference
between the two is that sleet is easily visible and
does not stick to objects while freezing rain is
transparent and sticks to everything.
• Sleet often falls with snow and rain. It occurs only
during winter, which makes it different from hail
that can fall during any time of the year.
3. Rain
• Rain, the most common form of precipitation,
consists of droplets of liquid water. Most times
rain develops through the grouping of water
droplets around ice crystals that are formed in
cumulus clouds in high altitudes.
• Sometimes rain forms in lower altitudes,
however. The small rain droplets fuse with more
rain drops as they begin to fall, making them as
large as we see them when they hit the ground. A
brief afternoon shower, a steady multi-day rain
shower, or a heavy tropical rainstorm all bring
rain.
• Sometimes raindrops can be so small that they
form a fine mist called a drizzle. This type of rain
is so light that air currents can easily push the
drizzle whatever direction it chooses. Therefore
drizzle seldom falls vertically.
4. Freezing Rain
• Freezing rain is defined as rain that
falls as a liquid but freezes into glaze
upon hitting the ground. This is
called “super-cooled” water droplets
that freeze on impact of cold
surfaces.
• Freezing rain is shown in blue in this
diagram in the cold side of a warm
front. Here surface temperatures are
at or just below the freezing point.
• In this diagram you can see the development of
freezing rain. As you can see at the top of the
picture shows freezing temperatures high in
altitude. Snow falls, and when the temperatures
reach above 0 degrees Celsius, the snow melts
completely into rain. When the rain reaches a
super-cold environment even lower in altitude,
the water droplets freeze on contact with the cold
ground surface turning instantly from water
drops to ice. This freezing on contact is the super-
cooling part of the production of freezing rain.
• Freezing rain, also known as ice storms, are very
dangerous in the winter because they can cause
power outages, injuries, and other accidents. It is
very wise to stay indoors when the precipitation
is freezing rain because it can become very
slippery outside, especially on roads
Hail
• Hail is by far, the least common form of
precipitation out of rain, sleet, snow, or freezing
rain. It occurs most often during the summer.
Cumulonimbus clouds produce hailstones, which
can vary in size from five millimeters to larger than
the size of a baseball, such as the one in the picture
above. Ice crystals are lifted by strong updrafts in
these clouds. Then the ice crystals fall through the
cloud, collecting supercooled water droplets along
the way. This process can be repeated multiple
times. The collected water droplets freeze onto the
ice crystal, and a hailstone is created.
• Hailstones can be destructive to crops, cars,
buildings, and many other things outside.
Oftentimes when there is hail, there is also the
chance for thunder and lightning, so it is wise to go
inside during a hailstorm to protect yourself not
only from being hit by large hailstones, but to be
safe from lightning.
 rainfall

Mekanisme
Hujan di
stemflow
Permukaan
Bumi
Crowndrip
troughfall

overlandflow
Convergence

Condensation level

High Low pressure High

pressure pressure
Intertropical convergence zone
 Tropopause
Convective

Early Mid-day Late

morning afternoon
Mekanisme Orografis
 OROGRAFIS

Level of condensation
 RAINFALL TYPE
• Frontal: intensity is small, short
period
• Convergence: intensity depends on
the type of convergence, relatively
long period
• Orographic: high in mountainous
areas
• Convective: long period, heavy rain,
thunderstorm
 Types of rainfall

What are the

different
types of rain
and where do
they happen?
How it rains

1. Warm air rises

2. Air cools
3. Condensation
4. Clouds form
5. Rain
 Types of rainfall
There are three
types of rainfall:
1. Relief
2. Convectional
3. Frontal
 1. Relief/orographic Rain

1. Warm moist
air from the sea

2. Forced to rise
over the
mountains
3. Air cools as it is
forced to rise

4. Condensation
5. Clouds form
6. Rain
Relief rain is
quite common
in Britain
especially in
the west
where the high
land areas are
 2. Convectional Rain

1. The sun heats

the ground
which heats
the air

2. Warm air rises

4. Air cools as it is
forced to rise

5. Condensation
6. Clouds form
7. Rain
Convectional rain
is common in
the south of
Britain in
Summer
 3. Frontal Rain
1. Mass of warm
air meets a
mass of colder
air

2. Lighter warm
air rises over
heavier cold air
3. Warm air cools

4. Condensation

5. Clouds form

6. Rain
Frontal rain is
very common all
over Britain
especially in the
Winter
 Key Terms

• Condensation
• Relief rain
• Convectional rain
• Frontal rain
 Dew Point
All air contains water vapour of varying quantities. The dew
point indicates the amount of moisture in the air. The higher
the dew point, the higher the moisture content of the air at a
given temperature. Conversely, the dew point of humid air will
be higher than the dew point of dry air.
Dew point temperature is defined as the temperature to which
the air would have to cool (at constant pressure and constant
water vapour content) in order to reach saturation. A state of
saturation exists when the air is holding the maximum amount
of water vapour possible at the existing temperature and
pressure.
Condensation of water vapour begins when the temperature
of air is lowered to its dew point and beyond. The dew point,
like other measures of humidity, can be calculated from
readings taken by a hygrometer.
All air contains water vapour of
varying quantities. The lower the air
temperature, the smaller the
maximum possible capacity for
vapour.
When air is cooled, relative humidity
increases, until at a particular
temperature, called the dew point,
the air becomes saturated. Further
cooling below the dew point will
induce condensation of the excess
water vapour.
• The temperature of the dew point will depend upon
the absolute content of water vapour, that is the
absolute humidity, measured in g/m3. The dew point
of humid air will be higher than the dew point of dry
air. Both air temperature and absolute humidity will
determine what type of condensation will occur when
the air is cooled.
• If air in contact with the ground is cooled to its dew
point, dew or frost will form, dew if the point is above
0°C, or frost if it is below 0°C. Cooling of a larger layer
of air near to the ground may produce mist of fog,
which freezes if the dew point is below 0°C. Air that is
cooled to its dew point by rising and expansion will
condense to form clouds. Above 0°C, small droplets of
water are formed. Condensation may also result in ice
crystals at temperature well below 0°C. When
temperatures are near or a little below 0°C,
supercooled water droplets can form
Hujan = 100 mm / cm / dm / dst
Curah/intensitas/ketebalan
100 mm/hari

Bagaimana menghitung t di lapangan???

t = volume hujan / luas alas tabung (phi r2)
350 ml
D:10 cm

Volume hujan

t
 Pengukuran hujan

•Letak garis lintang

•Ketinggian tempat
•Jarak sumber uap air
•Posisi daerah terhadap benua
•Arah angin
•Posisi daerah terhadap pegunungan
•Suhu relatif daratan dan lautan
 Diukur oleh hidrolog
• Intensitas : jumlah presipitasi per satuan waktu
(satuannya: mm/jam, mm/menit, dll)
• Jumlah hujan : jumlah presipitasi selama presipitasi
berlangsung (satuan :mm,cm,inchi)
• Durasi (duration) : periode waktu selama presipitasi
berlangsung (satuan : menit, jam)
• Frekwensi (frequency)
• Peluang (probability) dan kala ulang (return
periode)
• Penyebaran menurut ruang : distribusi hujan yang
jatuh di suatu daerah
mm/cm, dll = tebal hujan

d=10 cm

• Berapa tebal hujannya ??

• Jika lama pengukuran = 8
jam, berapa intensitasnya
per jam??
300 ml
 HUJAN---besaran hujan

1. mm/cm/dst = satuan tinggi

2. Jam/menit/hari/dst = satuan waktu
3. Mm/jam atau cm/hari = satuan tinggi/waktu
1. Tebal hujan
2. Durasi hujan
3. Intensitas hujan
13.00 – 09.00 = 20 jam
Berapakah intensitas dan tebal hujannya ???

D = 10 cm

V= 600 ml
 Tebal hujan
• V tabung = luas alas x tinggi
• 0,6 dm3 = 3,14 x 0,52 x tinggi
• 0,6 = 3,14 x 0,25 x tinggi
• Tinggi = 0,6 / 0,785
• Tinggi/tebal hujan = 0,764 dm = 76,4 mm
• Intensitas = 76,4 / 20 jam (durasi)
• Rerata intensitas = 3,82 mm/jam
 Penakar hujan biasa

• Non recording rain gauge

• Manual
• Memerlukan petugas pencatat
• Bisa harian/jam-jaman/mingguan, dll
 Penakar hujan semi otomatik

• Mingguan
• Dengan jam
• Jam bertahan biasanya 1 minggu
• Tercatat pada kertas khusus
• Dengan pelampung atau tipping bucket
 Penakar hujan otomatik

• Bisa dipasang pada waktu yang ditentuan

tergantung kapasitas memori yang
tersedia
• Rainfall data logger
HUJAN
WILAYAH
AREAL ESTIMATES OF PRECIPITATION

1.NEEDS SEVERAL ADJACENT

RAINFALL DATA
2.Typically hydrologists want to know
how much precipitation fell in a given
area not in a point area
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
 INPUT DATA HUJAN MODEL TANGKI

1. Stasiun Pasirwang
2. Stasiun Samarang
3. Stasiun Bayongbong
4. Stasiun Darajat
5. Stasiun Pamulihan
6. Stasiun Cisurupan

( PA  LA)  ( PB  LB)  ( PC  LC )  ..  ( Pn  Ln)

P
LA  LB  LC  ..  Ln
ISOHYETAL METHOD
 1840 mm

1640 mm

1440 mm

2333 mm

2300 mm
1150 mm
1500 mm
• Hitunglah hujan rerata wilayah pada DAS
Eastern Creek dengan cara-cara:
• 1. Aritmatika
• 2. Polygon Thiessen
• 3. Isohyet
• Kemudian carilah referensi tentang
syarat2, keunggulan dan kelemahan tiga
metode di atas, buatlah pembahasannya