Chapter 4 Synchonous Machines

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
401065
ELECTRIC MACHINES
CHAPTER 4
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
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CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES
4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

OBJECTIVES
 Know and remember the construction,
working principle and applications of
synchronous machines
 Understand the equivalent circuit and
power flow
 Apply to calculate the currents, voltages,
energy efficiency and determine machines
parameters.
 Analysis operational characteristics
4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.1. Introduction
 Synchronous machines are AC machines, which
is called “synchronous” because the rotating air
gap field and the rotor speed are the same.
nr = n1 = nsyn
 Synchronous generators are used to convert
mechanical power derived from steam, gas, or
hydro-turbine to AC electric power.
 Synchronous generators are the primary source
of electrical energy we consume today
4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.1. Introduction
 Synchronous motors
are built in large units
compare to induction
motors and used for
constant speed
industrial drivers.

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.1. Introduction

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.1. Introduction
2-pole 3000rpm Synchronous Generator (For Steam Turbines)

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
 Stator:
 The stator had a similar construction as that of
a 3-phase induction motor.
 The 3-phase stator winding is named “armature
winding”.
 Stator winding generates rotating MMF

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
 Stator:

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
 Rotor: (field winding)
 Excited with DC
There two types of rotor
- Cylindrical rotors
- Salient pole rotors
 Cylindrical rotors are used in higher speed, higher
power applications such as turbo generator. Using 2 or 4
poles, at 3000 or 1500 rpm (with 50Hz system)
 Salient poles are used in large power, low speed
applications, including hydro-generators, or slower speed
machines.
4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
Cylindrical Rotor

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
 Two common approaches are used to supply a DC
current to the field circuits on the rotating rotor:
• By slip rings and
brushes
• Supply the DC power
from a special DC
power source mounted
directly on the shaft of
the machine
Slip rings and brushes

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.2. Construction
A rotor of large
with a brushless exciter
mounted on the same
shaft.

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous
generator:

4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:


4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:
 A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field
develops an electromotive force EMF:
E A  4, 44. f .N c . nm . p
f 
120
Where EA - Emf per phase stator winding
Nc - turns of per phase stator winding
 - air gap flux
f - the electrical frequency, Hz
nm - rotor speed for synchronous, r.p.m
p - the number of poles
4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:
 When a load is connected, 3-phase currents flow
in 3 stator windings will create a rotating magnetic
field with synchronous speed nsync = nm : rotor speed
 Armature Reaction
 The effect of Armature (stator) flux on the flux produced
by the rotor field poles is called Armature Reaction.
 This armature flux reacts with the main pole flux,
causing the resultant flux to become either less than or
more than the original main field flux.

4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:
 Armature Reaction at PF=1 Fr
 Cross Magnetizing Flux
a
y N z
n
Fa
c b
+ +
S
+
x
4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:
Armature Reaction PF=0 Lagging
The direction of the a
armature reaction n
y z
flux is opposite to the N
main field flux.
Therefore, it will Ft
Fö
oppose and weaken
the main field flux. It c b
+ +
is said to be S
demagnetized. +
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x 22
4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:
Armature Reaction at PF=0 Leading
a
n
The direction of the y z
armature reaction
flux is in the Fr
direction of main Fa
N
S
field flux. It is known c b
as magnetizing + +
flux
+
x
4.1. OVERVIEW
generator:
Armature Reaction Nature F
r
When the generator a q axis

n
supplies a load, at y z
lagging power (or leading N Faq
power) the armature
reaction is partly Fa
demagnetizing (or partly
magnetizing) and partly c Fad b
+ S +
cross-magnetizing
+
x
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4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR
 The equivalent circuit of cylindrical
rotor generator in per phase:
V&p  E&A  I&A ( RA  jX s ) RA : armature

resistance /phase
V p 0  E A  I A   ( RA  jX s ) Xs : synchronous

reactance / phase
 Phasor diagram
P.F lagging EA P.F leading

EA
IA
s

IA .X
I A.

Xs
 V I .
 A R
A 
 I A.R
A
IA V
 Phasor diagram
How is the phasor when

Unity P.F?

 Power and Torque
PCL = 3. I2A. RA
Rotational loss
 The applied mechanical power
Pin   app.m
is partially converted to electricity

Pconv   ind .m  3E A . I A . cos   is the angle between EA and IA.
 The real output power of the synchronous

generator is: P  3.V . I cos   3V . I . cos 
out T L A A

 The reactive output power of the synchronous
generator is
Qout  3.VT . I L sin   3VA . I A . sin 
 Then the real output power of the synchronous

generator can be approximated (RA0)
3.V . E A sin  3.V . E A sin 
Pout  Pconv  And  ind 
Xs m . X s
Here  is the torque angle of the machine – the angle between V and EA.
4.3. MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR PARAMETERS
There are basically 3 types of relationship
which needs to be found for a synchronous
generator:
 Field current and flux relationship (and thus
between the field current and EA) EA = f(If)
 Synchronous reactance  XS
 Armature resistance  RA

4.3.1. Open Circuit test
 Steps: EA(V)
 Generator is rotated at the

rated speed.
 No load is connected at the
terminals.
 Field current is increased
from 0 to maximum.
 Record values of the
terminal voltage and field If(A)
current value. Open-circuit characteristic (OCC) of a generator
With this characteristic, it is possible to find the internal generated voltage
of the generator for any given field current.
4.3.2. Short circuit test
 Steps:
 Generator is rotated at rated speed.
 Adjust field current If to 0.
 Short circuit the terminals.
 Measure armature current IA or line current as the field
current If is increased.
From both tests, here we can find the internal
machine impedance XS (EA from OCC, IA from SCC):
EA
ZS  R  X 
2
A
2
S
IA
XS  Z  R
2
S
2
A
NOTE : The RA was determined by applying a DC voltage

to the machine terminals with the rotor stationary 
called “DC test”
Example
A 200kVA, 480V, 50Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator

with a rated field current of 5A was tested, and the following
data were taken:
1. VT,OC at the rated IF was measured to be 540V
2. IL,SC at the rated IF was measured to be 300A.
3. When a DC voltage of 10V was applied to two of the
terminals, a current of 25A was measured.
Find the values of the armature resistance and the
approximate synchronous reactance in Ohms that would be
used in the generator model at the rated conditions.

4.4. STEADY-STATE POWER-
ANGLE CHARACTERISTICS
P2
When RA=0
3.V . E A sin 
P2 
Xs
Q2
3V . E A cos   V2 
Q2  Power-angle characteristics
Xs
4.5. STEADY-STATE OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS
4.5.1. Output Voltage Characteristics
V
If = const;
Leading PF
EA n = const;
Unity PF
P.F = const
Lagging PF
0 IA IA
Voltage Regulation :
VNo  Load  VFull  Load E A  V
VR%  .100%  .100%
VFull  Load V
4.5. STEADY-STATE OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS
4.5.2. The compounding curve IF = f(IL)
The curve showing the
field current required to
maintain rated terminal
voltage as the
constant-power-factor
load is varied is known
as a compounding
curve.

4.6. PARALLEL OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
 Reasons for operating in parallel:
 Handling larger loads
 Maintenance can be done without power
disruption
 Increasing system reliability
 Increasing efficiency

Conditions required for Paralleling:
 Same RMS line voltages
 Same phase sequence
 Same phase angles (=0)
vc Vc’

 Va
Vb’ 
Va’
Vb
Conditions required for Paralleling:
 Same RMS line voltages.
 Same phase sequence.
 Same phase angles (=0)

Example
A 480 V, 60 Hz, Y-connected, six-pole synchronous
generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of
1(/phase). Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF
lagging. Its friction and windage losses are 1,5 kW and core
losses are 1,0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Assume that the
armature resistance (and, therefore, the I2R losses) can be
ignored. The field current has been adjusted such that the
no-load terminal voltage is 480 V.
a/ What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
b/ What is the terminal voltage of the generator if:
i. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging;
ii. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF;
iii. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading.

Example
(Continue)
c/ What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the
unknown electrical losses) when it is operating at the
rated current and 0.8 PF lagging?
d/ How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime
mover at the full load? How large is the induced
counter torque?
e/ What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8
PF lagging? at 1.0 PF? at 0.8 PF leading?

4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
 A synchronous motor is the same physical
machine as a generator, except that the direction of
real power flow is reversed.
 Synchronous motors are used to convert electric
power to mechanical power
 The principal advantages of using synchronous
machine are as follows:
 Power factor of synchronous machine can be
controlled very easily by controlling the field current.
 It has very high operating efficiency and constant
speed.

4.7.1. Operation Principle
Three-phase set of currents in
the armature winding produces a
uniform rotating magnetic field of
Bs
The field current produces a
steady-state magnetic field BR
Therefore, there are two
magnetic fields present in the
machine, and the rotor field will
tend to line up with the stator
field.
4.7.1. Operation Principle
 Since the stator magnetic field
is rotating, the rotor magnetic field
(and the rotor itself) will try to
catch up
 When no-load the angle
between two magnetic field  = 0
The larger the angle between
the two magnetic fields (up to
certain maximum), the greater the
torque on the rotor of the machine

4.7.2. Motor equivalent circuit

RA jX S 
IA V

   
V EA 
EA
IA  Iöxñb
Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram

(considered RA  0 and P.F lagging)
V&p  E&A  I&A ( RA  jX s )
V p 0  E A  I A   ( RA  jX s )
4.7.3. Synchronous motor as a power
factor correction
By controlling the field current of a synchronous
motor, the reactive power consumed or supplied to
the power system can be controlled

4.7.3. Synchronous motor as a power
factor correction

4.7.4. Starting Synchronous Motors
Why the synchronous
motor can not shelf start ?
 There are 3 different starting methods available:

Reduced speed of stator magnetic field – the aim is
to reduce it slow enough as such that the rotor will
have time to follow the stator magnetic field.
External prime mover to accelerate the synchronous
motor.
Damper windings or amortisseur windings.

4.7.4. Starting Synchronous Motors
Amortisseur (damper) windings are special bars laid into notches

carved in the rotor face and then shorted out on each end by a large
shorting ring.

4.7.5. Steady-state operation of motor
 The torque-speed curve
3V . E A
 ind  sin 
m X S
The maximum pullout
torque occurs when =900
3V . E A
 max 
m X S

4.7.5. Steady-state operation of motor
 The V-curve-characteristic

Example
EX.1
Consider a large power system operating at

480V as figure:
a/ If the synchronous motor is adjusted to
0.85 PF lagging, what is the line current?
b/ If the synchronous motor is adjusted to
0.85 PF leading, what is the line current?
c/ Assuming that the line losses are
PLL=3IL2RL, how these losses compare in
the two cases?
Example
EX.2
6.9kV (Y connected) 50 Hz synchronous motor has
a synchronous reactance of 95 Ohm/phase. For
this problem all losses and saturation effect may be
neglected.
a) Compute the armature current and P.F of the motor
when supplying 700kW rated power and the load angle
is 54.4 degrees.
b) Compute the maximum power this motor can deliver
if its field excitation is kept constant at the value in part
then compute the power factor and armature current

SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 In this chapter, we have learnt:
 Construction and working principle of
 The equivalent circuit
 Power flow and torque
 Determination of parameters
 Operational characteristic

SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENT:
 Refer: [1]: 245-297; [2]: 389-397; [5]: 238-243
 Home exercises: [5]: 8.8(p.282); 8.9(p.206);
8.12(p.283); 8.25(p.295); 8.26(p.296)

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TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

24/12/2019 401065 - Chapter 4: Synchronous Machines 1

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2-pole 3000rpm Synchronous Generator (For Steam Turbines)

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Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole

Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole

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Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole

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Slip rings and brushes

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24/12/2019 401065 - Chapter 4: Synchronous Machines

When the generator a q axis

V&p  E&A  I&A ( RA  jX s ) RA : armature

V p 0  E A  I A   ( RA  jX s ) Xs : synchronous

P.F lagging EA P.F leading

How is the phasor when

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is partially converted to electricity

 The real output power of the synchronous

24/12/2019 401065 - Chapter 4: Synchronous Machines 29

 Then the real output power of the synchronous

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 Generator is rotated at the

NOTE : The RA was determined by applying a DC voltage

A 200kVA, 480V, 50Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator

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Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram

V&p  E&A  I&A ( RA  jX s )

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 There are 3 different starting methods available:

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Amortisseur (damper) windings are special bars laid into notches

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Consider a large power system operating at

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