Phase Equilibrium Diagram': Phase, Phase Transformation, Phase Diagram, Phase Rule & Degress of Freedom

‘PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
DIAGRAM’
PHASE , PHASE TRANSFORMATION, PHASE DIAGRAM,
PHASE RULE & DEGRESS OF FREEDOM
• Equilibrium is defined as a stage when the
chemical potential of any component present in
the system stays steady with time.
• Within the same state, a component can exist in
two different phases such as allotropes of an
element.
• two immiscible compounds in the same liquid
state can coexist in two phases.
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
• Phase equilibrium is the study of the equilibrium which exists between or

within different states of matter namely:
• Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

APPLICATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
• Production of different allotropes of carbon.

• Lowering of freezing point of water by dissolving salt (brine).
• Purification of components by distillation.
• Usage of emulsions in food production, pharmaceutical industry, etc.
PHASE
• Phase is region where the intermolecular interaction is spatially uniform or
in other words physical and chemical properties of the system are same
throughout the region.
WHAT KIND OF PHASES EXIST?
• Based on state – Gas, Liquid, Solid

• Based on atomic order – Amorphous, Quasi-crystalline, Crystalline
• Based on band structure – Insulating, Semi-conducting, Semi-metallic,
Metallic
• Based on Property – Para-electric, Ferromagnetic, Superconducting
• Based on stability – Stable, Metastable, Unstable
• Based on size/geometry – Nano crystalline, Mesoporous, Layered
PHASE TRANSFORMATION
• Phase transformation is the change of one phase to another. For example,

water to ice.
PHASE DIAGRAM
• Phase diagram are an important tool in the armory of an materials
scientist
• In the simplest sense a phase diagram demarcates regions of
existence of various phase. (Phase diagram are maps)
• Phase diagram are also referred as “equilibrium diagrams” or
“constitutional diagrams”.
• Phase diagrams are used to understand the relationship between
different phases and are usually represented as the change in phase
of a system as a function of temperature, Pressure, or composition
of the components in a system.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Phase diagrams and the systems they describe are often classified and named
for the number (in Latin) of components in the system.
Number of Components Name of System or Diagram

One Unary
Two Binary
Three Tertiary
Four Quaternary
Five Quinary
Six Sexinary
Seven Septnary
UNARY PHASE DIAGRAM
• Common components of a phase diagram are lines of equilibrium
or phase boundaries, which refer to lines that mark conditions
under which multiple phases can coexist at equilibrium. Phase
transitions occur along lines of equlibrium.
• Triple points are points on phase diagrams where lines of
equilibrium intersect. Triple points mark conditions at which three
different phases can coexists.
• The solidus is the temperature below which the substance is stable
in the solid state. The liquidus is the temperature above which is
stable in liquid state. There may be a gap between the solidus and
liquidus; within the gap, the substance consists of a mixture of
crystals and liquid.
• Working fluids are often categorized by on the basis of the shape
of their phase diagram.
GIBBS PHASE RULE
• Gibbs phase rule states that if the equilibrium in a heterogeneous system is
not affected by gravity or by electrical and magnetic forces, the number of
degree of freedom is given by the equation.
• The rule applies to non-reactive multi-component heterogenous systems in
thermodynamic equilibrium and given by equality.
• The phase rule connects the Degrees of Freedom, the number of components
in a system and the number of phases present in a system via a simple
equation
LIMITATIONS OF PHASE RULE:
• In phase rule only three variables temperature, pressure and
composition are considered. Phase rule does not consider the
variable like electric, magnetic and radiation influence.
• As the phase rule is applicable to a single equilibiumstate, it does
not tell about the number of other equilibrium possible in the
system.
• Gravitation force is not considered in phase rule.
• No liquid or solid phases should be finely divided otherwise their
vapour pressure and surface tension will difffer from their normal
values.
• Certain limitations are to be imposed on phase rule in some
circumstances. In this state, it is called phase rule under restricted
conditions.
ADVANTAGES OF PHASE RULE
• It give a simple method of classifying equilibrium states of system.

• Physical as well as chemical equilibria and can be studied by this rule.
• The phase rule is applicable to macroscopic systems. Therefore, it is not necessary to take into account
about their molecular structure.
• It confirms that the different systems having the same number of degree of freedom behave in like
manner.
• Phase rule takes no account of nature of the reactant of products in phase reactions.
• It predicts the behavior of the system when subje cted to the variables such as pressure, temperature,
and volume.
• To understand the phase rule one must understand the variable in the system
along with the degrees of freedom.
• We start with a general definition of the phrase “degrees of freedom”.
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
• The degree of freedom or variance of a system is defined as the smallest

number of independent variables such as pressure, temperature, and
concentration that must be specified in order to describe completely the state
of a system.
• The degree of freedom cannot be less than zero so that we have an upper
number of phases that can exist in equilibrium for a given system.
Following example will illutrate the meaning of degree of freedom in a
better way:
• A system aqueous solution of KCI has two degree of freedom i.e.
tempereture and composition (Concentration of solution). If the solution is
saturated, then only one variable temperature is neccesary to express the
system. Thus the saturated of KCI is monovarient and unsaturated salution
is bivariant.
• Let there be a gas enclosed in a closed chamber. Two variables
temperature and pressure are required to express this system. Third
variables (composition) is not required since container has only one gas. If
the system has a mixture of gasses then third variable i.e. composition is
also required and system becomes a trivariant system.
THANK YOU!!

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‘PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

• Phase equilibrium is the study of the equilibrium which exists between or

• Production of different allotropes of carbon.

• Based on state – Gas, Liquid, Solid

• Phase transformation is the change of one phase to another. For example,

Number of Components Name of System or Diagram

• It give a simple method of classifying equilibrium states of system.

• The degree of freedom or variance of a system is defined as the smallest

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